The Amazon is considered the largest tropical rainforest in the world. Despite its exuberant biodiversity, this biome still has significant gaps in scientific knowledge, particularly in botany. Due to the increasing rates and frequency of deforestation, wildfires caused by intense land-use changes in the region, and climate change, expanding knowledge about the Amazon's actual biodiversity and understanding what affects the distribution patterns of its species are crucial steps toward mitigating these impacts. Moreover, such knowledge is vital for designing more effective conservation policies. Although studies in the Amazon have significantly increased in recent years, there remains a scarcity of research focused on widely distributed botanical families, such as Cyperaceae. Despite their broad distribution, these plants face taxonomic and distributional limitations, making their identification an even greater challenge. Thus, this research aims to conduct taxonomic and biogeographic studies on Cyperaceae, with an emphasis on hydrophilic genera and species occurring in the Brazilian Amazon, to elucidate the biodiversity and gaps present in this region. This thesis is divided into three chapters, each based on data gathered from online databases and field collections. The first chapter aimed to identify knowledge gaps regarding Cyperaceae in the Brazilian Amazon by analyzing data available in the Global Biological Information Facility (GBIF). The findings indicate that taxonomic collections are well-distributed across the Amazon. However, they follow the pattern observed in most available records, being concentrated along roads and waterways traversing the region, with the majority of records located outside Conservation Units. In the second chapter, the objective was to model the potential distribution of species, thereby assessing the models' ability to predict potential distributions within the Amazon. The data used to generate these models were the same as those utilized for the gap analyses. Finally, the third chapter focused on evaluating the impacts of climate change on species of the genus Cyperus using current and projected future scenarios for Brazil. This thesis seeks to provide an overview of the Cyperaceae family in the Brazilian Amazon, addressing the broader challenges of understanding this group. By examining both current and future scenarios, the research sheds light on how Cyperaceae species are responding to the ongoing progression of climate change.