Some plant extracts have been considered promising as additives for ruminal modular fermentation in a positive way. Research into the action of its bioactive compounds was driven by the decision of the European Union that banned the routine use of antibiotics in animal feed, among which the ionophore antibiotics that are the most widespread on the market are included. The açaí seed is a residue generated after processing the fruit for pulp inheritance, its waste corresponds to about 60 to 85% of the fruit and its commercial use is still limited, resulting in an exorbitant excess of this residue. In order to reduce the waste generated by the processing of açaí pulp, new applications for its seed are sought. To this end, studies have shown that the seed contains a considerable amount of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, which have antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, with potential for applicability in animal production. The açaí seed extract (ASE) has a higher concentration of polyphenols than the fruit and the bark, with a greater antioxidant capacity than the pulp itself. These results show that the part with the highest content of bioactive compounds is being neglected and discarded by the industry. Given this, the objective was to evaluate the effects of açaí seed extract on in vitro digestibility and in vitro rumen fermentation parameters under different dietary conditions. Three experiments were carried out using different roughage:concentrate (r:c) ratios (90:10; 50:50 and 20:80). For each experiment, four doses of ASE were evaluated, namely: 0, 0.3, 3 and 30 mg of ASE/g of substrate. In each experiment, 144 flasks were incubated for 6, 12 and 24 hours in an oven at 39°C. Analyzes were performed to determine in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDM), volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ruminal ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3) concentrations. For substrate r:c - 90:10, at 12 and 24 hours of incubation, the inclusion of ASE at a dosage of 0.3 mg/g showed lower IVDMD (p<0.05) when compared to the control treatment. For the r:c - 50:50 substrate, at a 12-hour incubation time, the highest dosages (3 and 30 mg/g) showed higher IVDMD, compared to the treatment without ASE and to the 0.3 mg/g dose of ASE. For the substrate r:c - 20:80, in the incubation times of 12 and 24 hours, dosages 3 and 30 mg/g showed higher IVDMD. As for the N-NH3 concentration, for substrate r:c - 50:50 in 12 hours of incubation, the dosages of 3 and 30 mg/g showed lower concentrations of N-NH3. For substrate r:c - 20:80 the inclusion of ASE did not show differences on N-NH3. The inclusion of ASE has negative effects on IVDMD when the simulated diet has a high fiber content as evidenced in the 90:10 r:c ratio. On the contrary, with high concentrate content (r:c 20:80) the inclusion of 3 and 30 mg of ASE/g of substrate improves IVDMD, indicating that its effects can be positive in diets with high concentrate content. 

The progressive production of beef in Brazil is accompanied by increased market competitiveness. Therefore, there is a need to differentiate the meat product to be sold. Thus, the objective was to evaluate two models of production of cattle finished in confinement: “China Ox” and “Premium Meat”. Animal performance, carcass characteristics, meat characteristics and financial analysis were studied in each bovine production model. 669 cattle were used confined in 10 stalls, with the stall being the experimental unit. Two different models of bovine production were evaluated: (1) “China Ox”: entire male Nelore cattle slaughtered at 24 months of age. (2) “Premium Meat”: F1 females 50% Angus x 50% Nelore and slaughtered at 18 months of age. The two finishing systems presented the same (p>0.05) average daily gain, feed efficiency and dry matter consumption in kg/day. Dry matter intake as a percentage of body weight, confinement period and total weight gain were higher (P<0.05) for “Premium Meat”. “China Ox” had higher (P<0.05) final carcass weight, average daily gain and carcass yield, larger rib eye area and lower subcutaneous fat. Regarding meat quality, “Premium Meat” presented better marbling and meat color (p<0.05), and lower shear force. Regarding the financial aspect, “China Ox” presented lower (p<0.05) total operating costs and costs per kilo of carcass produced. However, the two production models were equal (p>0.05) for the cost of the arroba produced, total cost and net revenue, when considering the bonus for each production model. “Premium Meat” presented better meat quality (marbling, subcutaneous fat and tenderness). The production models presented the same net revenue when the bonus offered is 5% for “China Ox” and 12% for “Premium Meat”. Without bonuses, the production of “China Ox” is more economically viable.

onus offered by the industry.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of using cupuaçu seed meal in the feed of slow-growing chickens on digestibility, performance, carcass yield, and organ evaluation, as well as its economic assessment. The research was conducted at the experimental poultry house of the Federal Rural University of Amazon, in Parauapebas – PA. The digestibility experiment utilized 128 animals in metabolic cages, fed two diets: a reference diet based on corn and soybean meal, and another with 30% cupuaçu seed meal (CSM). In the performance experiment, 168 birds of the Carijó lineage were used in a completely randomized design, with four treatments (0g/kg, 50g/kg, 100g/kg, and 150g/kg inclusion of meal) during the initial, growth, and finishing phases. After 70 days, the animals were slaughtered for carcass yield evaluation. It was observed that feed conversion (FC) and feed consumption (FC) worsened, except with inclusion of up to 50 g/kg, showing better results than the control. There was no effect of CSM inclusion on carcass yield and cuts (P>0.05). Organ yield showed a significant increase in the pancreas. According to the digestibility experiment, CSM presented a digestible dry matter (DDM) of 23% and digestible protein (DP) of 22%, with a reduction in DDM and DP with the inclusion of 30% CSM in the reference diet due to increased fiber concentration. According to an economic evaluation through the membrane balance ratio (MBR) presented, for the assessed period, it is suggested to include CSM up to 100 g/kg. Technically, cupuaçu seed meal (CSM) can be included at up to 50 g/kg in the diets of slow-growing broilers from 14 to 70 days of age.

The objective was to evaluate the inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense bacteria associated with nitrogen fertilization in topdressing on agronomic and bromatological characteristics of forage sorghum silage. A randomized block design was used, in a 5x2 factorial scheme, composed of four nitrogen doses (0; 50; 100; 200; 400 kg ha-1) and the presence or absence of inoculation with A. brasilense with four replications. Plant height (PL), stem diameter (SD), first cycle productivity (FCD); regrowth yield (RV), total yield (TV) of forage sorghum; the terrors of dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total digestible nutrients (TDN), in vitro digestibility (IVDMS), in vitro digestibility neutral detergent fiber (IVDNDF); ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3), organic acids (LAC, ACE and BUT), dry matter recovery (DMR) and pH values of forage sorghum silages. No interaction was detected between inoculation and nitrogen fertilization for (PL), (SD), (RV) and (TV). However, isolated effects of nitrogen fertilization were observed for PL and SD, with PL being higher at the dose of 200 kg N.ha-1 and from the dose of 50 kg N.ha-1 higher SD occurred in sorghum plants.  Interaction between inoculation and nitrogen fertilization was observed for FCD, and nitrogen doses of 200 and 400 kg N.ha-1 showed lower values with inoculation. Sorghum ProdT was lower with inoculation and higher at the dose of 200 kg N.ha-1, being approximately 29.42% higher compared to the control treatment.. The CP content showed an isolated effect of inoculation and nitrogen fertilization, increasing the CP levels. An isolated effect of nitrogen fertilization on IVDM was observed. No effects were observed for DMR, IVDNDF and TDN. The use of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense does not favor increases in the agronomic characteristics of forage sorghum and reduces productivity at nitrogen rates of 200 and 400 kg ha-1. However, the association does not influence the main fermentative characteristics of sorghum silage. Inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen fertilization increases the protein and fiber contents of sorghum silage.

Nitrogen fertilization is essential for improving pasture productivity, since its use can reduce degradation damage and improve product indices.On the other hand, its use, in addition to being costly, can also cause environmental damage.Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are environmentally harmless and can supply nitrogen at low cost.In this context we have Methylobacterium Symbioticum that can fix nitrogen and release phytohormones for plants.Thus, the objective was to measure the effects of the association of nitrogen fertilization and foliar application of Methylobacterium Symbioticum on the productive gains of grass Megathyrsus maximus cv.BRS Zuri.A randomized block design comprising a 2 x 2 + 2 factorial arrangement with four replications was used.The following factorial treatments were evaluated: doses of nitrogen (N), 100 kg/ha and 200 kg/ha, inoculation or not of the bacterium Methylobacterium sumbioticum sp (M. Symbioticum) and two additional treatments (two replications): negative control (nofertilization and without inoculation) and with only inoculation of M. Symbioticum.There was no interaction between M. Symbioticum inoculation and fertilization for MSFT, MSLF, MSCM MSMM, height and CLH.MSFT AND MSLF were in the treatments that received the inoculation.There was a similarity between MSFT and MSLF in the treatments with nitrogen fertilization and the one that received only inoculation with M. Symbioticum.The dose of 200 N kg.ha-1 with M. Symbioticum promoted higher tiller density when compared to doses without inoculation.The CLH was influenced only by the doses of N, however when comparing the treatment that received only inoculation and the negative treatment (white) the inoculation increased the amount of chlorophyll in the leaf.The inoculation of M. Symbioticum increases the production of Zuri grass.In association with 200 N kg.ha-1 it promotes greater forage tillering.The use of foliar Methylobacterium sumbioticum is a possible strategy to increase nitrogen through biological fixation and plant hormones, thus reducing the use of nitrogen fertilizers and maintaining the productive characteristics of Zuri grass.

This study was carried out to describe the dry matter intake by finishing cattle in southeastern Pará and to evaluate the predictive capacity of the equations of the BR CORTE system. The experiment was carried out in a commercial feedlot located in the municipality of Curionopolis, Pará, Brazil. A total of 2,815 male Nellore and Nellore crossbred cattle were used, with an initial average weight of 400 kg. The CMS estimates predicted by the BR CORTE system were obtained according to the equations as a function of the genetic groups (zebu, dairy crosses and beef crosses). The observed dry matter intake data were based on daily trough readings, which were performed before the first treatment of the day was supplied. The data were analyzed graphically using the R software and performance metrics were calculated using the Model Evaluation System software. The average daily DMI observed for the animals was 11 kg/day, 7.3, 5.4 and 5.9% higher than the predictions of the BR CORTE 2016 system (10.20, 10.41 and 10.35 kg/d, from according to the equations for zebu, beef crossbreds and dairy crossbreds, respectively). It is concluded that the models of the BR cut system underestimate the dry matter intake for cattle under the conditions evaluated. At the beginning of the confinement, there was overestimation in the prediction and underestimation after consumption stabilization.

The present study was carried out to investigate different weaning methods on physiological responses (heart rate - HR, respiratory rate - RR, rectal temperature - TR and cortisol levels) and performance (body weight, average daily gain - ADG, and body condition score - BCS) of Nelore calves under grazing. Additionally, the animals were classified as calm and reactive to define the effects of temperament on physiological parameters and post-weaning performance. 183 purebred Nelore males and females, weaned at 8 ± 1 months, were randomly assigned to three different weaning methods: 1) Abrupt (AB) – total separation between cow and calf; 2) Fenceline (LC) – physical separation between cow and calf by means of a fence; and 3) Godmothers (MA) – use of unrelated and non-lactating cows as social leaders. After the 7th day after weaning, the calves were grouped in a single paddock. Physiological measurements and blood samples for cortisol analysis were performed on days 0, 1, 4, and 7. Temperament at 0, 7, and 82. And the performance at 0, 42, and 82 days post-weaning. The results showed a greater number of animals classified as calm from weaning today 82 (P<0.05). There was interaction (P<0.05) between weaning methods and calves' temperament for TR at 7 days post-weaning. HR, RR, and TR were not different (P>0.05) 1 day after weaning. However, there is (P<0.05) higher HR in MA and higher TR in LC on the 4th day. As well as higher (P<0.05) TR in AB and MA methods at 7 days post-weaning. Cortisol levels were not different (P>0.05) when submitted to weaning or temperament methods. From weaning to the 42nd day after weaning, MA and LC calves received the highest body weight and ADG (P<0.05), while AB had the lowest weight and negative ADG (-0.032 kg/day). After this period, the different methods did not influence the performance (P>0.05). Regarding temperament, calm animals received (P<0.05) higher body weight and ADG from weaning up to 82 days after weaning. Thus, physiological parameters do not clearly indicate the best weaning method, probably due to the influence of environmental temperature. Performance results directly us to methods that provide less psychological stress, such as fence lines or godmothers. However, due to the more laborious handling of separation by a fence, the method that uses godmother cows as social leaders can be considered the least stressful, in addition to being easy to perform. Furthermore, performance can be influenced by temperament, especially when intense handling is reduced.

The manipulation of nutritional management during late pregnancy may have direct effects on performance characteristics through fetal programming. Based on this, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of maternal lipid supplementation with calcium salts from soybean oil during the second half of pregnancy on the performance of sows and progenies from birth to slaughter. The experiment was carried out in the small ruminant sector of the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA/Campus Parauapebas). 43 multiparous ewes dorper x santa ines with 74 days of gestation were used, they were allocated in individual pens and randomly distributed to the following treatments: Control (CON) - basal diet formulated to meet the basic nutritional requirements of pregnant ewes of a single lamb, or Protected fat supplementation (CSSO) – basal diet plus supplementation with soy oil protected with calcium salts receiving daily 1.5g per kg of body weight. Lambs were weaned and confined when they reached a weight of ±20kg and received a basal diet with estimated daily weight gain (DMG) of 250 g/animal/day until slaughter at ±33kg. Ewes' productive performance data were evaluated regarding consumption, digestibility, production and quality of milk; and lambs' productive performance, morphometric characteristics, quantitative characteristics and carcass yield, and non-carcass components. Data were considered in a 2×2 factorial scheme, maternal nutrition (CON vs. CSSO), and progeny sex (males vs. females). There was no interaction between maternal nutrition and progeny sex (P > 0.05) for the parameters of consumption, digestibility, production and milk composition of ewes; and for the parameters of consumption, digestibility, morphometric measures, cut yield and non-carcass parameters of the progenies. The CSSO diet provided the ewes with a higher ADG during gestation, greater body weight at 135 days of gestation, at parturition and at 40 and 60 days postpartum, greater consumption of ether extract (EE) and TDN, as well as the digestibility of these nutrients. , however decreased the consumption of non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC). There was a trend of interaction between maternal nutrition and gestational week for dry matter intake in kg per day (P=0.06) and in % of body weight (P=0.085). There was no effect on average milk production (P > 0.05). Supplemented ewes produced milk with lower total dry stratum content (P>0.05) and tended to have lower milk fat content (P=0.080). The resulting progeny of the supplemented ewes had higher birth weight (P<0.05), which provided a tendency towards a lower weaning age (P=0.056), greater lumbar width, internal length and carcass depth (P<0.05 ), lower weight loss by chilling (P=0.01) and greater coverage of fat in the carcass (EGS; P=0.09; Measure GR; P=0.01). Maternal nutrition with calcium salts from soybean oil during the second half of pregnancy increased the ADG, weight and energy intake of ewes without directly altering consumption, providing higher birth weight of the progeny without changing ADG and a lower age at slaughter.

In this study, the effect of nitrogen application in the absence and presence of dolomitic lime was evaluated on the morphological and productive development of corn in the 2015/16 and 2016/17 agricultural crops in the Amazon region. The treatments consisted of two agricultural crops of BR 205 corn (2015/16 and 2016/17), two sources of dolomitic limestone (0 and 2 Mg ha-1) and five nitrogen rates (0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 kg ha-1 of N) in the form of urea. A randomized block design with three replications was used, with treatments arranged in a split-plot scheme, 2 x 2 x 5, corresponding to two agricultural crops, two lime rates and five nitrogen rates. Leaf area index (LAI), ear height (AE), plant height (AP), plant diameter (SD), ear length (EC), ear diameter (DE), number of grains per ear were evaluated. (NGPE), thousand grain mass (M1000), yield (PROD) and total dry matter (MST). The use of limestone influenced higher LAI production in the two agricultural seasons. It is inferred that nitrogen fertilization provided greater development in AE, AP, DP, CE, M1000 and MST. In the 2015/16 crop year, PROD in the absence or presence of dolomitic limestone averaged approximately 8.85 and 8.92 Mg ha-1, respectively. The DE showed maximum technical efficiency when applied 98.18 kg ha-1 of N in the 2016/17 agricultural harvest. However, the application of N coverage for the NGPE variable better fit the negative linear model in the two agricultural crops.

This study aimed to investigate possible changes in carcass composition and changes in the concentration of biomolecules in the liver induced by pregnancy. For this purpose, 80 Nellore heifers were used, from three commercial farms, which were raised in tropical pastures and supplemented with mineral mixture. After bleeding, the dentition of the animals was evaluated and those with zero or even two permanent incisors were able to collect samples. For confirmation of pregnancy, the uterus was evaluated, and pregnant heifers were classified into three groups according to fetal size (cm). Measurements were taken using a tape measure from the upper end of the skull to the first coccygeal vertebra. First, fetuses were grouped into: 1) < 16 cm; 2) between 17 and 53 cm; 3) > 54 cm. Then, based on the sizes of the fetuses, the fetal age was estimated using the equation: x = 2.5 (y + 21). Where x = fetal age in days and y = apex length (craniocaudal) in cm. The experiment was carried out in an incomplete block design (as a function of fetal size), considering the batch slaughtered as a block effect, with four treatments and twenty replications, as follows: 1- non-pregnant heifers; 2- pregnant women in the first third; 3- pregnant women in the second third and 4- pregnant women in the third third. For the analysis of the chemical and physical composition of the carcass, the session between the 9th and 11th rib was sampled, desiccation and separation of the components: muscle, fat and bone, which were weighed separately, were performed. Then, it was analyzed for the content of dry matter, mineral matter, crude protein and ether extract. In addition, analyzed liver samples collected immediately after evisceration at random points to obtain the concentration of DNA, RNA and total protein. There was a linear decreasing effect of the ether extract content as a function of the size of the fetus (gestational stage) and with regard to the amount of adipose tissue, a tendency towards a decrease was observed (P=0.010). The proportion of crude protein in the carcass of non-pregnant heifers was lower than that of pregnant heifers in the third third (<0.001), with no effect being verified when analyzing the proportion of muscle among pregnant heifers (P= 0.113). The DNA concentration in the liver linearly increased as a function of the size of the fetus (gestational stage) (P=0.002), however, no effects were observed on the amounts of RNA (P=0.209); protein (P=0.411), as well as the RNA:DNA ratio (P=0.702). Therefore, it is concluded that the lower proportion of ether extract due to the increase in the size of the fetus (gestational stages) associated with a lower proportion of adipose tissue for pregnant heifers in the third third indicates that the heifers mobilized reserve tissues to meet the energy requirements maternal. Furthermore, there is evidence that the liver had to resort to cell proliferation to meet the high metabolic rate required by the matrix through the higher concentration of DNA in the liver cells.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a growth stimulant on productivity, nutritional value and morphogenesis of Brachiaria urochloa cv. Marandu, managed under two levels of nitrogen fertilization. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Campus of Parauapebas, the collections were carried out in the dry period (May to October) and rainy period (November to April) of the year. A 2 × 4 factorial design was used, with two doses of nitrogen fertilization (50 and 150 kg of N ha-1year-1) and four doses of 4 doses of growth biostimulant + foliar fertilizer (0,1,2,3 L ha^-1). The data were submitted to analysis of variance by the MIXED procedure of the SAS, using 5% as the critical level of significance. There was no triple interaction (Biostimulant of growth x Nitrogen fertilization x Period; p> 0.05) in none of the production and morphological characteristics of Brachiaria urochloa cv. Marandu. There was an increase in DM production per ha^-1 day, in treatments that contained 1 and 2 L ha^-1 of biostimulant + fertilization with 50 kg of N ha^-1 year^-1, provided by the presence of auxin in the biostimulant. Fertilization of 150 kg of N ha^-1 year^-1 provided shorter leaf life. In addition to the dosage of 150 kg of N ha^-1 year^-1, it causes an increase in the population density of tillers in the rainy season of the year. It can be concluded that the dosages of 1 and 2 L ha^-1 of the growth biostimulant, increase the dry matter production per ha day^-1, in the nitrogen fertilization of 50 kg of N ha^-1 year^-1.

Water deficiency compromises proper germination and consequently plant growth and development. Studies show how silicon is capable of mitigate the effect of water deficiency on plants. However, few researches have been carried out by studying its effect on seed germination under water deficit. Therefore, this study aimed to study the effect of silicon on the parameters germination, growth and biomass production of maize seeds submitted to water deficiency simulated by PEG-6000. The work was developed at Federal Rural University of Amazonia, using maize seeds, in leaves of Germitest paper. The experiment was installed in a completely randomized design. (factorial 3x4), composed of three calcium silicate concentrations (0.0, 1.0 and 2.0 mM) and 4 PEG-6000 solutions simulating different osmotic potentials (0.0; -0.3; -0.6; - 0.9 MPa). Germinative parameters were evaluated: percentage of germination, velocity index, germination velocity coefficient, time medium, percentage of non-germinated and abnormal germinated; about the length (shoot, root and total), and dry matter (shoot, root and total). The results showed that the use of silicon in corn seeds did not attenuate the stress caused by water deficiency simulated by PEG-6000. Water deficiency was harmful in all parameters evaluated.

The characteristics of milk are controlled by several genes, with emphasis on the four casein genes, CSN1S1; CSN1S2; CSN2 and CSN3, which are responsible for encoding the four fractions of that protein, are they, α-casein which includes α (S1) and α (S2), β and κ-casein. The study of genetic variants in these genes, seek to investigate alleles, insertions or deletions, which may reflect directly on productive characteristics, indicating differences in quality, composition, and milk yield. Thus, the objective of this study is to investigate the occurrence of polymorphisms in the CSN1S1 and CSN3 genes in buffalo females of the murrah breed. The CSN1S1 and CSN3 genes were analyzed in 41 lactating murrah buffaloes, using nucleotide sequencing. The primer pairs amplified fragments of 313 bp for the CSN1S1 gene, and 350 bp for the CSN3 gene. An SNP was found in the amplified fragment for the CSN1S1 gene, located in the nucleotide number 2,123 of the promoter region (5 'UTR), at position nt-258 (A / G), which did not cause any amino acid changes. The observed genotype frequencies of this SNP were 0.59 (AA); 0.38 (AG) and 0.03 (GG), while the expected genotypic frequencies (EHW - Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium), presented different values, of 0.61 (AA), 0.34 (AG) and 0, 05 (GG). In addition, the observed heterosigosity (Ho) was higher than the expected heterosexuality (He) (0.3846 vs. 0.3408), thus suggesting an excess of heterozygotes in relation to the Hardy equilibrium model -Weinberg. As for the CSN3 gene, two SNPs nt-98 and nt-102 (nucleotides number 377 and 381 of exon number 4, of the CSN3 gene) were identified in codons 33 (ACC / ATC) and 34 (AC C / AC T) of the analyzed fragment, which correspond to codons 135 and 136 of the mature peptide, and which, once translated, result in the amino acids Threonine (Thr) / Isoleucine (Ile), in the case of the ATC / ACT haplotypes and Threonine / Threonine, for the ACC / ACC haplotypes. According to the frequency analysis for the CSN3 gene, it was possible to observe 0.53 for the CC genotype, 0.41 (CT) and 0.06 (TT). Regarding the expected genotype frequencies (EHW), they resulted in values of 0.54 (CC), 0.39 (CT) and 0.07 (TT). And again, the observed heterosigosity (Ho) was greater than the expected heterosigosity (He) (0.4118 vs. 0.3893), thus suggesting an excess of heterozygotes in relation to the (EHW) model. The knowledge of candidate gene polymorphisms in dairy buffaloes suggests and encourages studies that aim to establish associations between such variants in candidate genes, and characteristics of milk production and its derivatives, enabling the selection assisted by molecular markers.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive characteristics of Megathyrsus maximum cv. Mombasa in the southeastern region of the state of Pará submitted to different fertilization strategies. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design in a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement, totaling 12 treatments with 5 replications. Four fertilization strategies were evaluated: 5ª Aproximação Manual (5AP), Pará Manual (PM), Nutrient Replacement (RP) and Michaelis and Menten adapted model (MM) associated with three nitrogen application times (day) ( N) after defoliation (day 0, 3 and 6) on total dry matter yield (TDM), leaf blade dry mass (LBDM), stem dry mass (SDM), dead material dry mass (DMD), leaf area index (LAI) and tillers density m^-2 (DT). There was interaction between the fertilization strategies and the days of N application for all analyzed variables, except for the LAI and TD, which were influenced only by the fertilization strategies. With the application of N fertilization on day 0, after defoliation, the 5AP, RP, PM and MM strategies presented, respectively, five, four, three and five production cycles. When N fertilization was performed on days 3 and 6 after defoliation, five, three, three and three cycles were recorded, respectively for the 5AP, RP, PM and MM strategies. The highest TDM value (12,109 kg DM ha^-1) was recorded for the 5AP nitrogen fertilization strategy on day 3 when compared to application on day 0 after defoliation. The other strategies did not differ (P> 0.05) from each other (10,455; 10,342 and 10,210 Kg of DM ha^-1 respectively for 5AP, RP and MM). Following the same behavior as TDM, LBDM was higher (11,919 kg ha^-1) in the 5AP strategy with N fertilization performed on day 3 after defoliation compared to application on day 0. The highest SDM production occurred for 5AP in day 3 (658.06 kg ha^-1), being superior to the treatments RP (251.38 kg ha^-1) and MM (222.56 kg ha^-1). For fertilization performed on day 0 the RP strategy produced the largest amount of dead material (1,209.6 kg ha^-1), followed by MM (676.63 kg ha^-1), which was higher than the PM (405.4 kg ha^-1). For the LAI the 5AP strategy obtained a mean value of 5.33 m² of leaf blade m^-2 of soil, being superior among the strategies evaluated in 28.9%; 30.8% and 39.4%, respectively for MM (3.79), RP (3.69) and PM (3.23), these in turn showed no differences between them. For TD the 5AP strategy presented higher tillering (421.5 m^-2) among the four fertilization strategies evaluated, being superior in 49.7%; 40.9% and 37.3%, respectively for PM, RP and MM. For higher dry matter production in Mombasa grass pasture, it is recommended to use the 5ª Aproximação Manual associated with nitrogen applications on the 3rd or 6th days after defoliation.

In view of the clear knowledge gaps that hinder the development of strategies for the use of foliar fertilization, mainly in forage plants, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the application of this type of fertilizer at different moments of the initial development of grass plants MG-5. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of UNIFESSPA, Marabá municipality, in a completely randomized design, where the dose equivalent to 2 l / ha of fertilizer was applied at five different times, with plants presenting 3, 4, 5 and 6 leaves expanded by plant on average, besides the control (without application), being these the treatments, with 06 repetitions each, totaling 30 experimental units. The following variables were analyzed: Leaf appearance rate (TApf), Filochron (FILO), Leaf elongation rate (Talf), Stretch elongation rate (Talc), Final leaf length (CFF), Number of live leaves (NFV) , Leaf senescence rate (Tsf), number of tillers (Nperf), accumulation of dry matter (DM) and leaf: stem ratio (Rfc). From the statistical analysis of the data, no significant difference between the treatments was found for any of the variables studied. Such results can probably be explained by the low dose indicated by the manufacturer for use. Another fact that may have influenced the nutritional status of the soil used as a substrate, may have been to provide all the nutrient requirement of both treatments. It is concluded that at the dose of 2 l / ha there is no effect of the foliar fertilizer used for the forage studied.

The high moisture content of perennial tropical grasses at their ideal cutting point is a major problem when there is an interest of ensiling this material. This makes necessary to use additives that limit this problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the açai stone (Euterpe oleracea Mart) as a moisture sequestering additive in Panicum maximum cv. Mombasa and verify its efficiency in animal nutrition. Then were made PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipe silos with Mombasa grass, added with açaí stone (CA) in the proportions of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g.kg^-1 based on the natural material (MN), thus constituting a completely randomized design (DIC) of 5 treatments with 25 experimental units. The silages were opened after 80 days of ensiling process and the silage samples were analyzed for losses, chemical-bromatological composition, nitrogen fractions, pH, and they will be evaluated on the in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DIVMS), rumen degradable protein (PDR), rumen undegradable protein (PNDR), and short-chain fatty acid profile. The results were evaluated by linear regression analysis using SAS (Statistical Analysis System) software, adopting a 5% probability level for type I error. A linear decrease was observed (P <0.05) for gas (PG) and effluent (PE) losses, as the inclusion of CA in the silage was increased, demonstrating efficiency in the use of CA as a sequestering additive. There was a reduction (P <0.05) in the crude protein (CP) contents of the silage with the inclusion of CA due to the fact that it had a lower concentration of PB in relation to the Mombasa grass, and the silage dilution occurred. Both, Nitrogen ammoniacal (N-NH3) (which is one of the proteolytic fermentation products) and NNP, presented a decrease (P <0.05) in the averages due to the increase of CA inclusion levels. This may be due to the presence of tannins in CA. Based on this, it is considered that the reduction in losses with the inclusion of CA is an indication of the efficiency of the use of CA as a moisture sequestering additive and that the recovery of PB and decrease of nitrogen losses indicate that the CA tannin is efficient in reduce the proteolytic activity during the ensiling process.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of the crushed integral Babaçu (Orbignya speciosa) coconut as an energy source in concentrated supplements under the consumption, performance and digestibility of lactating dairy cows. The experimental trial was conducted in the Dairy Cattle Sector of the Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Parauapebas Campus. Five crossbred Holstein x Zebu multiparous cows with weight average of 550 kg and 80 days of lactation were used at the beginning of the experimental period. The experiment was divided in five experimental periods of 21 days each (14 days of adaptation of the animals and seven days of data collection), destined to evaluate the consumption and apparent digestibility of the animals. nutrients, milk production and composition, totaling 105 experimental days. The treatments were constituted of five levels of inclusion of the whole Babassu coconut ground in the concentrate supplement (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80%) based on the dry matter. The animals received supplementation at will in individual pens twice a day and were kept under a grazing regime consisting of 24 paddocks of 0.08 hectare each, formed with Panicum maximum cv. Mombasa, with free access to drinkers and sombrite.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphogenesis of Mombaça grass (Megathyrsus maximus) under different fertilizer recommendations with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), combined with two heights of defoliation in order to get a better recommendation for the region. The experimental design used was in randomized blocks, in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement, with six replications. The treatment consisted of five fertilization recommendations (without fertilization, replacement strategy, 5th approximation strategy strategy adapted Michaelis-Menten P and the lifting strategy 80mg / dm 3) peeling and two heights (70 to 90 cm). Were evaluated and calculated the leaf appearance rate (LAR), leaf elongation rate (LER), stem elongation rate (SER), phyllochron (FILO), leaf senescence rate (TSF), number of living leaves (NFV ), leaf life span (DVF) and mean leaf blade length (CMLF). The data were obtained through 5 tillers marked by plot, totaling 30 tillers per treatment, being these exchanged with each cut made. Samples were taken at 30 cm, height of residue, when the average height of the plots reached 70 cm and 90 cm. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, at significance level 5%, when significant effects were verified and interaction was used the Tukey mean test. Mombasa grass responded positively to the strategy of P elevation at 80mg / dm3 and fertilization 5º approach (Minas Gerais) in the leaf appearance rate within the 90cm defoliation height. Likewise, there was an increase in leaf elongation rate within the height of 70 cm of defoliation using the two strategies mentioned above. Phyllochron and the lifetime of the leaves decreased when using fertilization strategy 5th approximation (Brazil) in the management of 70 cm sward, which indicates the effect of higher amount of N-P-K that fertilization strategy. The other fertilization strategies did not influence the morphogenic characteristics of the Mombasa grass. The morphogenic characteristics were influenced by the strategy of fertilization 5º Approximation and Elevation of P to 80mg / dm3, as a function of the increase of the tissue flow stimulated by these fertilization strategies.

The objective of this work was to conduct a retrospective study to identify the main critical points that have a negative impact on the fertility of beef cows submitted to IATF. In this study, 800 data were obtained from farms located in the Southeast region of Pará State. Data were submitted to statistical analysis by multivariate logistic regression using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS). The variables studied were: animal category (multiparous, primiparous and heifer), body condition score, cow breed (nellore or crossbred); bull used in AI; inseminator; type of estradiol ester in D0 (BE and VE), month of IATF and farm.