Ardea alba (Linnaeus, 1758), known as the great white heron, is the most common heron on the planet. It has a long neck, black legs and yellow beak, with a body covered in white feathers. It has a circulatory system similar to that of mammals, but a larger heart compared to the coelomic cavity. In several species, the heart has fibrous rings that serve to stabilize the ostia against contractile deformation, called the cardiac skeleton – composed of connective tissue with intercalated parts of cartilage or bone. This study aimed to describe the cardiac anatomy of the species, generating scientific knowledge about the particularities of this Amazonian avifauna. For this purpose, 10 specimens of great white heron were used, coming from the environmental police battalion and the mangal-das-garças park. Before extracting the heart, in situ and ex situ photodocumentation was carried out. The material was then processed for light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry, in addition to 3D scanning. The species presented a heart tilted slightly to the right and an aortic arch that emerged from the cardiac base and followed the right antimere, with other structures similar to those of mammals. Light microscopy allowed defining the cardiac layers, presence of Purkinje fibers, and intercalated discs. Cartilage at the base of the heart was identified at the valves, valves, and fibrous skeleton. Differential staining marked the cartilage as predominantly elastic. Scanning electron microscopy provided ample visualization of the cartilage pieces that support the aortic base. However, immunohistochemistry was negative for desmin staining. Finally, the colored and 3D organ provided better didactic identification of the structures present at the heart base. Thus, it was possible to determine that the great white heron has a different aorta orientation than that found in mammals, but, like other species, it also has cardiac cartilage in its heart, although the type identified is unusual in the literature. It has large cartilaginous pieces, compared to the size of the organ, and did not present desmin marking in the cardiac tissue, the latter possibly being related to the antibody that was used.

Cetaceans of the genus Inia represent the largest freshwater dolphins in the world and exhibit great sexual dimorphism, being widely distributed in the basins of the Araguaia and Tocantins rivers, where they form groups and have a predominantly piscivorous diet. The frequent interaction between humans and dolphins, fueled by tourism, raises concerns about behavioral changes and the sanitary conditions of the places where the animals are found. The evaluation of the hematological parameters of the Araguaia dolphin in anthropized environments in the Tocantins River is relevant to assess the health of the species, identify physiological changes and provide scientific support. The objective is to evaluate the health of these animals, especially in environments impacted by humans. It is important for understanding the physiology of cetaceans, especially the Araguaia dolphin, a species that has still been little studied. With the help of a team of veterinarians and biologists, a capture strategy was developed that, due to the tidal regime, allowed only one animal to be captured per day. The captured animals included five males and two females, representing 42% of the population of dolphins visiting the site. Blood samples were collected and processed manually and automatically. The red blood cell count showed a mean of 3.56 ± 0.36, with hemoglobin levels of 12.76 ± 1.74 and hematocrit of 38.25 ± 5.19%. The platelet count showed significant variability, suggesting different immunological statuses among the individuals examined. The study also analyzed the biometrics of blood cells, involving a representative number. A total of 1600 red blood cells, 959 neutrophils, 1030 lymphocytes, 395 eosinophils, 104 monocytes and 1482 platelets were counted. Health monitoring is crucial to establish more comprehensive studies aimed at conservation and to understand how environmental changes can affect wildlife populations.

Marine, estuarine and freshwater fish species can host a great diversity of metazoan parasites, especially ectoparasites and endoparasites, thus increasing the importance of ichthyosanitary studies. This study aims to describe new species of Kudoa and Calyptospora in Siluriformes fish and to present the morphological description of
Lernanthropus in commercially important Perciformes fish in the Amazon region, Brazil. The processed and analyzed specimens of Brachyplatystoma filamentosum and Brachyplatystoma vaillantii were obtained in the district of Mosqueiro in Belém, of Macrodon ancylodon were obtained at a free market in Belém and of Nebris microps in Vigia de Nazaré, Pará, through artisanal fishing. Before the specimens were examined, biometrics were carried out. After identifying the parasites, they were morphometrically processed and the samples analyzed using histology, DNA extraction and genetic sequencing. The M. ancylodon and N. microps specimens were identified and their morphological characteristics assessed fresh. Among the main results obtained, it was possible to identify and describe two new parasite species of the genera Kudoa and Calyptospora in the skeletal muscles of Brachyplatystoma filamentosum and in the liver of Brachyplatystoma vaillantii, respectively, and to report the occurrence and morphological description of Lernanthropus sp. in the gills of Macrodon ancylodon.

Buffaloes play a notable economic, social and environmental role in the world. Their milk is the second most produced and has excellent nutritional composition. In the meantime, it is necessary to understand the genetic factors by searching for the mechanisms that can influence the productivity of production animals. Therefore, the objective was to investigate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in protein and lipid metabolism genes to associate them with data on milk production in buffaloes from the Amazon region. For this purpose, blood samples were collected from 85 females belonging to a property in the municipality of Bujaru/PA. DNA extractions were performed using the phenolic method, followed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Purification and Sequencing of the coding regions of the LALBA (833 bp) and OLR1 (750 bp) genes. The Nsite v. 1.0 Software investigated the possible binding sites to transcription factors in both genes. 5. Furthermore, for the LALBA gene, the mRNA from milk epithelial cells was extracted to determine the expression profile in seven haplotypes selected in the population. After editing and sequence alignments, fifteen SNPs were found in total, ten in the LALBA gene and five in the OLR1 gene. One SNP of the InDel type in the LALBA gene stood out. None of the fourteen SNPs detected showed a significant association with the average milk production of the population (P>0.05). Seven of the ten SNPs observed in LALBA showed allele frequencies of wild-type nucleotides greater than 0.5 with 90% in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), with SNP -42 (A>G) presenting a strong binding site for the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 (HNF3). Expression analysis showed that haplotypes 4 and 2 showed the highest expression levels compared to the others (P<0.05). Two of the four SNPs found in the OLR1 gene were of the transition type and the other two were of the transversion type, all with high wild-type nucleotide allele frequencies above 0.90 with 75% under EHW conditions. However, for the SNPs at positions -555 InDel (TAAA) and -720 (C>T) found in the LALBA gene, as well as the one at position -672 (A>T) in the OLR1 gene, it was revealed that the heterozygotes exhibited higher average milk production values compared to the homozygotes and may, therefore, be subject to selection in the population for increased milk volume production in both. Thus, both the higher levels of LALBA mRNA expression observed in buffalo milk in two different haplotypes and the presence of heterozygous individuals with higher milk production, especially the Indel found in LALBA -555 (TAAA) and the SNP in OLR1 -672 (A>T), were candidates due to the additional effect that new alleles carry, causing greater genetic variability within the herd. Therefore, they may be desirable characteristics to be fixed in the population. However, more approaches focused on the relationship between point mutations and expression levels in somatic cells of milk, together with other genes that may be influencing milk production levels, should be carried out to investigate whether these variants can be proven through the phenotypes of the animals.

The Brazilian Amazon is privileged to have the largest freshwater basin in the world with a diversity of fish species. The state of Amapá has five sectors for fishing activities in the region: the maritime plain on the north coast, the urban and port area located in Macapá and Santana, the upper estuary region that begins at the mouth of the Matapi River up to the border with the state of Pará and the lakes region where the municipality of Pracuúba is located. The Tucunaré (Cichla sp) is a commercially important Amazonian fish, and the Cichla monoculus is a species with a wide geographical distribution that is widely consumed by the riverside population. Fish are vulnerable to different parasites, including myxosporids and coccids from the Apicomplexa phylum. The aim of this study was to investigate eukaryotic microparasites of the class Mixozoa and phylum Apicomplexa in Cichla monoculus from the municipality of Pracuúba-Amapá, Brazil. In preliminary results, the Tucunarés (Cichla sp.) of the species analyzed have shown parasitism and the results of other analyses could lead to the description of new species and a systematic understanding of their taxonomic and phylogenetic aspects.

The Brazilian Amazon has the largest freshwater hydrographic basin in the world, and with this
it also has a great diversity of fish, with an estimated richness of between 1.5 and 6 thousand
species. In this sense, the region has great fishing potential and is one of the main economic
activities developed in the north of Brazil, especially in the state of Amapá, the third largest
regional representative and its privileged geographical location. Another aspect is the high
consumption of fish by riverside communities, who on average eat 369g/day per person. In
view of this, fish are sensitive to environmental changes, which can be caused by anthropogenic
or natural actions, causing ecological imbalance and the proliferation of various parasites,
including myxosporidia and coccidia.These cause a series of diseases in fish, resulting in their
death and making them unsuitable for human consumption, and some parasites have already
been described with zoonotic characteristics. The aim of this study was to describe the
morphological aspects and phylogenetic relationships of microparasites from Pygocentrus
nattereri, caught in the Sacaizal lake in the municipality of Pracuúba, in the state of Amapá.
The specimens were transported dead to the Aquatic Organism Health Research Laboratory at
the Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA), where they will be necropsied. Using a
stereomicroscope, the specimens will be examined for cysts and/or tissue fragments with signs
of parasitism, which will be confirmed using fresh slides viewed under an optical
microscope.The samples will be fixed and processed for histology, molecular biology and
scanning electron microscopy. Preliminary analyses showed the presence of mature spores of
cnidarians belonging to the class Myxozoa, with morphology belonging to the genera
Henneguya sp in the gill filament, Calyptospora sp in the liver and Myxobolus sp in the liver,
spleen, kidneys and gill filament. These studies contribute to our knowledge of the parasites
that affect fish in the Amazon region.

Xenarthra group comprises Anteaters, Sloths, and Armadillos, widely known species in Brazil. However, the morphology of their mammary gland is still poorly explored. This study aimed to characterize the mammary gland morphology in Tamandua tetradactyla, Bradypus variegatus, and Dasypus novemcinctus. All animals used in this study were provided cryopreserved to the Animal Morphological Research Laboratory (LaPMA) from the Bauxite Mine in Paragominas, Pará, in accordance with SEMA-PA authorizations No. 455/2009 and 522/2009. Collected samples were preserved in 10% formaldehyde solution and subsequently embedded in paraffin blocks. Sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE). The morphometric study of Tamandua tetradactyla revealed that the average height of the right mammary papillae was 2.8 cm, like the left mammary gland (2.3 cm). For Bradypus variegatus, the average height of the nipple in the right gland was 0.8 cm, while in the left gland, it was 0.95 cm, with slight variation. Dasypus novemcinctus showed limitations in papillary height measurement but indicated symmetrical consistency in mammary gland size. In light microscopy, Tamandua tetradactyla specimens exhibited a simple stratified epithelium with a thin layer of keratin, dense connective tissue, hair follicles, and limited glandular tissue. Bradypus variegatus displayed pavement cells, a thin corneal layer, dense connective tissue, collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerves, and smooth muscle around the glandular structure. For Dasypus novemcinctus, a keratinized stratified simple epithelium, modeled connective tissue, hair follicles, and underdeveloped alveoli with no secretions in the papillary lumen were observed. These histological features highlight the morphological similarity of mammary glands in the studied species.

The joint has synovial fluid, which serves to lubricate and prevent contact between the joint surfaces, as well as a joint capsule, composed of hyaline articular cartilage that covers the ends of the bones involved in the joint, and the subchondral bone (KÖNING and LIEBICH, 2011; PIERMATTEI et al., 2009). This structure ends up allowing the joint to develop, together with other elements of the appendicular skeleton, the function of promoting mobility and stability for the transfer of load between the bones (SCHULZ, 2008). The knee is one of the most important joints within the dynamics of the ambulatory movement in dogs and is formed by the femorotibial and patellofemoral joints, both sharing the same composite synovial cavity (more than two bones), which allows movement restricted to flexion and extension. The condyles of the femur attach to the menisci and these slide over the tibial plateau, cranially in extension and caudally in flexion (DYCE et al., 2004; KÖNING and LIEBICH, 2011). The knee joint is also composed of: tendons, intra-articular ligaments (cruciate ligaments) and collaterals that help with external joint support and fat pads that help reduce stress during overload (SCHULZ, 2008). The muscles, ligaments, joint capsule and bone structures involved in the joint limit the range of motion of the joints, preserving them (PIERMATTEI et al., 2009) Rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (RLCCr) can affect animals of any breed, sex or age (HULSE and JOHNSON, 2002), but this condition becomes more frequent in larger animals (DEJARDIN et al., 1998). Injuries to the CrCL can be caused by avulsion of one of the ends of the ligament, called traumatic, or spontaneously, classified as non-traumatic (MATERA et al., 2007). One third of animals that present the non-traumatic form of rupture present rupture of the contralateral limb, generally after around eight months (DOOM et al., 2008). There is a consensus that the modality of choice for obtaining images of the knee is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), however, according to Vekens et al., (2019), high-frequency ultrasound is recommended for the detailed evaluation of canine CRL, menisci and meniscotibial ligaments cranial lesions, mainly due to MRI being a less accessible technique within veterinary medicine. The ultrasound technique, when associated with computed tomography (CT), can be an alternative for evaluating the intercondylar notch, obtaining sensitivity and specificity similar to magnetic resonance imaging for detecting meniscal injuries and much higher than digital radiography (Lewis et al., 2008; Vande et al., 2002). Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the contralateral joint of osteotomized animals, through radiography, ultrasound and computed tomography examinations in search of early findings of injury to the knee joint structures.

Growth promoters based on amino acids (AA), minerals and B vitamins can be an alternative to improve the metabolic status and performance of beef cattle in stressful situations. Therefore, the aim was to evaluate the performance and blood concentrations of glucose and cortisol of calves in the pre- and post-weaning stages, subjected to different injectable growth promoters. The experiment was conducted on a private rural property located in Santa Izabel do Pará, PA. 39 crossbred calves (Angus x Nelore) were used, aged five months and with an average initial body weight (BW) of 166.16 ± 18.06 kg. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with initial weight and sex as blocking factors. The animals were allocated to 3 treatments: Control (without application of promoters); Bovifort RF (with application of 8ml of the Bovifort RF promoter - based on B- complex vitamins); and Ultimato (with application of 8ml of the Bovifort Ultimato promoter - based on AA, minerals and vitamin B12). During the experimental period, the animals were kept on pasture made up predominantly of quicuio (Brachiaria humidicola), under a rotational grazing system, receiving mineral supplementation. The promoters were applied subcutaneously at two points: at the start of the experiment (day 01) and at weaning (day 98), at eight months of age. Weights were taken at the start of the experiment, at 41 days after the start, at weaning and 42 days after weaning. Blood samples were taken by jugular vein puncture at weaning and 13 days after weaning. The data was submitted to analysis of variance, considering the effects of treatments and blocks. The means were compared using the test “t” (P<0.10). Although the treatments with Bovifort RF and Ultimato showed 12% higher average daily gain (ADG) than the control group in the first evaluation period, the promoters did not statistically influence ADG in the pre-weaning period (P>0.10), where the values for this variable were 0.724 kg/an/day for the animals in the Ultimato group; 0.726 kg/an/day for the Bovifort RF group; and 0.674 kg/an/day for the Control group. On the other hand, in the post-weaning period, the animals in the Ultimato group had higher ADG (P= 0.0709) and WG (P= 0.0709) than the others, with ADG= 0.270; 0.088 and -0.009 kg/an/day and WG= 8.69; 3.69 and -0.38 kg, for the Bovifort Ultimato, Bovifort RF and Control treatments, respectively. The ADG for the total period (P= 0.0622) and the WG for the total period (P= 0.0620) were also higher for the Ultimato treatment, where the ADG was 0.569; 0.516 and 0.469 kg/an/day and the WG= 79.69; 72.65 and 65.71 kg, for the animals in the Bovifort Ultimato, Bovifort RF and Control groups, respectively. The growth promoters did not influence blood glucose and cortisol concentrations (P>0.10). According to the results, the growth promoter Bovifort Ultimato provided the best performance for Angus x Nelore crossbred calves from 5 to 9 months of age, with the highest ADG and WG in the post-weaning period standing out.

The present study aims to carry out a complementary analysis between the ultrasound examination using pixel analysis and the laboratory analysis of intrauterine liquid content, in bitches treated with uterine infection. The main conditions that affect the female reproductive system of dogs in veterinary practice will be evaluated: Mucometra, Hemometra and Pyometra. The study explores the use of pixel analysis in ultrasound images as a promising approach to assist in the differential diagnosis of the aforementioned infections, using Image J software. The images are analyzed for specific characteristics, such as: quantification analysis, intensity analysis, segmentation analysis, texture analysis of ultrasound images. In addition, laboratory tests are also considered, such as analysis of intrauterine liquid content, through bacterial culture and exudate cytology and histopathological examination of uterine horn tissue to validate ultrasound findings. The study evaluates the effectiveness of ultrasound and pixel analysis, in order to determine the accuracy in differentiating the types of conditions mentioned. It is considered that the proposal develops a more conclusive, less invasive diagnostic strategy that would allow a more accurate diagnosis to assist in the treatment of patients.

Bartonellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by intracellular gram-negative bacilli of the genus Bartonella, capable of causing disease in dogs and cats, and has several species considered zoonotic, with B. hensalae being the main species responsible for causing disease in humans, even leading to death. Research related to the molecular evaluation of this bacterium in animal reservoirs can contribute significantly to its epidemiological characterization, genetic variability and identification of possible hosts. In this context, the present study aims to perform the molecular study of the occurrence of Bartonella spp. infection in domesticated cats in the metropolitan region of Macapá, State of Amapá. A total of 303 blood samples collected in 5 veterinary clinics in the study region were analyzed. Total DNA extraction was performed using a commercial kit. PCR assays were developed for partial amplification of the gltA gene of the genus Bartonella spp. (350 bp). The amplicons of the positive samples were purified and sequenced in the forward and reverse directions. The consensus sequences were obtained using the BioEdit software (v7.2.6) and submitted to the BLAST platform. They were then aligned with a database containing representative sequences of the 45 species of the genus available in the Genbank database. For phylogenetic analysis, the Maximum-Likelihood method and the Kimura 2-parameter model were used in the MEGA software v7.0 for taxonomic identification of the isolates. The nucleotide and amino acid distances were calculated using the Geneious software v8.1.3. The results of the samples analyzed using the traditional PCR technique obtained positivity in 20 samples (6.6%), of which four samples (1.32%) were sequenced and tested positive for the genus Bartonella spp.

The routine of veterinary and surgical clinical care is increasing, the demand for quality and specialized care to guarantee the health and well-being of companion animals is increasing. Most families today opt for animals instead of children. The work seeks to identify and analyze data relating to clinical and surgical care in a clinic in the municipality of Santana, state of Amapá with a population estimated by IBGE 2022 at 107,618 thousand inhabitants, a reality in many municipalities in Brazil. From 2016 to 2023, medical records divided between general clinical consultations, dermatology consultations, emergencies and surgical evaluations will be analyzed. Surgical procedures in the same period, divided into ophthalmic, musculoskeletal, dermatological, neoplastic and reproductive tractor procedures for the convenience of owners in preventing unwanted pregnancies followed by pathologies of the reproductive tract such as the Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia (Pyometra) complex. The main routine exams carried out at the clinic during this period will be evaluated and divided into dermatological, cardiac, imaging, biochemical, hematological, serological, direct search for hematozoa, due to hemoparasitosis, (Anaplasma sp, Erliquia sp, Babesia sp and Mycoplasma haemofelis). Establish how investments in the clinic's infrastructure to perform surgeries, specialization of professionals for adequate dermatological care and availability of laboratory services contributed to veterinary clinical care in the municipality.

Livestock farming in Amapá has shown significant development over the years, consolidating its position as the holder of the second largest buffalo herd in the Legal Amazon. The growth of the herd is especially notable among buffaloes, which have a great capacity for movement for different purposes. However, one of the factors that can decisively impact the growth of the livestock chain is the health issue. In view of this, this study aimed to conduct a survey on the movement of cattle and buffalo herds in the state of Amapá. The aim of this study was to identify the number of animals according to their origin, species, means of transportation, and purpose, as well as the main causes of carcass condemnation in a slaughterhouse located in the municipality of Macapá-AP, between January 2019 and December 2023. The study adopted a documentary, descriptive, and quantitative approach, using data provided by the Agricultural Defense and Inspection Agency of the State of Amapá (DIAGRO), based on transit records and property registration, in addition to slaughter reports from Frigorífico Amazônia Empreendimentos Ltda. (FRIAAP). Of the Animal Transit Guides (GTAs) issued for bovines in Amapá, 79.69% were intended for buffaloes, while only 20.31% referred to cattle, highlighting the predominant use of waterways for transportation. Regarding the origin of animals in the state, the most representative municipalities were Tartarugalzinho, in the case of cattle, and Cutias, for the buffalo herd. The slaughter of buffaloes was the main activity, with emphasis on the years 2019, when 66.73% of the animals slaughtered were of this species, and 2020, with 69.34%. Among the pathologies diagnosed, tuberculosis was responsible for affecting 374 buffalo heads and only 20 cattle, an expected result due to the region where buffalo are raised and the lesser sanitary control over these animals. It is concluded that livestock farming in Amapá has significant production potential, and it is necessary to intensify technical monitoring and reestablish strategic guidelines so that the state can fully express its production capacity.

Cassava itself (Manihot esculenta Crantz) had its origins in the South American lowlands and began to be domesticated approximately 9 thousand years ago. Cassava cultivation plays a predominant role in family farming by contributing to the food security of families living in rural areas, enabling the generation of work and income through the sale of the product or its derivatives. Brazil in 2022 produced 17,648,564 tons of cassava in a planted area of 1.18 million hectares. The state of Pará is the largest national producer with 4,157,308 tons and the state of Amapá is 25th among the federation units with a production of 119,197 tons, however, cassava is one of the most exploited crops in this region. State. The present study aims to evaluate the productive potential and agronomic characteristics of roots and aerial parts of cassava varieties depending on harvest age in the state of Amapá. A Randomized Block Design (DBC) will be used with 5 replications and 5 treatments, with the treatments being the five cassava varieties (T1= Jurará, T2= Formosa, T3= Manivão, T4=Farias, T5= Araguari), resulting in 25 experimental units, thus, the total number of plants will be 875 units, 175 plants of each variety. The collection of morphometric data will be carried out in two ways: non-destructive assessments every two months from planting and; destructive evaluations at 4, 8 and 12 months, where 2 plants will be subtracted from each plot at each established age. Samples of the collected material will be sent to the laboratory where they will be subjected to pre-drying in a forced ventilation oven at 55°C, for 72 hours, to determine the dry matter of each sample. The following will be evaluated: I) Production of green matter (t/ha) of the aerial part; II) Dry matter production (t/ha) of the aerial part; III) Whole plant green matter productivity in t/ha; IV) Whole plant dry matter productivity per ha; V) Tuberous root productivity in t/ha; VI) Productivity of tuberous roots in dry matter in t/ha; VII) Average percentage of each morphological components separated in the destructive evaluations; VIII) Quantity, diameter, weight and length of roots. In addition to economic analysis on the production costs of each variety evaluated. For statistical analysis, data will be tabulated and initially subjected to descriptive analysis. To check whether there was a difference between treatments, an analysis of variance will be carried out, in addition to comparisons of means using the Tukey test. The significance level considered will be 5% (P < 0.05).

The transport of animals to slaughter is considered the most critical stage within the pre-slaughter management in cattle farming. There are several reasons that influence the effects of road transport of beef cattle and on animal welfare and carcass quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of lesions in cattle carcasses, considering the independent variables: sex of the animals, climatic season, distance (kilometers) of travel, and type of vehicle used to transport the animals. The research was carried out in a meatpacking plant located in the city of Castanhal, Pará state. 7,688 carcasses were evaluated. The lesions were characterized by the place of occurrence (forequarter, needle point, hindquarter, and loin), by size, and by the evaluation of their color as recent (bright red) and old (yellowish). The results showed that transport over distances greater than 500 km presented a higher risk of bruising. Injuries were more common in the fourth quarter. Most of the lesions were classified as grade II, with a predominant size > 20 cm. Therefore, to ensure good conditions for the well-being of cattle during transport and minimize carcass losses caused by injuries, it is essential to be aware and implement good practices for transporting and handling animals, such measures are essential to ensure a more humanized, efficient and profitable environment for the entire livestock industry.

This study aims to outline the social and economic profile of farmers engaged in buffalo farming and to present the profile of buffalo production properties in the municipality of Tartarugalzinho-AP. The research encompasses productive, economic, and social aspects of buffalo farming in the region. The methodology included interviews with local farmers, statistical data analysis, and direct observation of the properties. The results showed that 85% of buffalo farmers in Tartarugalzinho-AP are men, with 60% of them married or in a stable union. The majority (33%) of these farmers have incomplete primary education. The average age of the farmers is 60.97 years, and 57% have been involved in buffalo farming for 10 to 30 years. Buffalo farming in Tartarugalzinho-AP is characterized by an extensive production system observed in 97% of rural establishments, with family labor prevailing in 62% of properties. It is primarily practiced on small farms (55%). A large proportion (61%) of the properties are registered in the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR), but 80% are not titled. In 69% of the properties, buffalo farming is geared toward meat production, with 86% of the properties completing the full production cycle (breeding, rearing, and fattening). Buffalo farming contributes between 1% and 25% of the monthly income for 43% of the farmers, while 18% of them derive 75% to 100% of their income from this activity. The challenges faced by farmers include the lack of technical assistance, difficulties in accessing credit, inadequate infrastructure, and the need for land tenure regularization. To strengthen the sector, it is crucial to intensify capacity-building actions, foster the creation of regional associations or cooperatives, universalize access to electricity, and promote public policies that enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of the activity. Additionally, sanitary education and the establishment of a municipal slaughterhouse are essential to improve meat quality and combat clandestine slaughtering.

Primates are widely used as experimental models for scientific studies and have proven to be effective models for the applicability of techniques in humans. Their taxonomic proximity to humans makes them even more interesting for biomedical, behavioral, and biological applications. By understanding more about the skin of these animals, as well as their biology and behavior, we can develop new treatments and complementary dermatological exams. In order to learn more about the skin of clinically healthy non-human primates (Alouatta caraya), a description was made of their main dermatological aspects and dermatopathies. A form for anamnesis and dermatological diagnosis of non-human primates was also prepared, and dermoscopy data was compared with histological examination to evaluate the usefulness and applicability of dermoscopy for the dermatological examination of non-human primates compared with macroscopic vision, trichogram, and histology

Tamandua tetradactyla and Bradypus variegatus are two species of wild mammals that belong to the Superorder Xenarthra and Order Pilosa and are widely found in Brazil. Due to the urbanization process, wild fauna approaches human populations, making these animals potential victims of injuries that sometimes require surgical interventions. At the abdominal level, these surgeries always include the approach to the peritoneum, which is a double-layered serous membrane that performs functions such as protection from external impacts, tissue resistance and production of intracavitary fluids. That said, the objective was to evaluate, describe and characterize the peritoneum of Tamandua tetradactyla and Bradypus variegatus, analyzing its macro and microscopic aspects and using this information as a subsidy for surgical approaches in these species. Four adult specimens of Tamandua tetradactyla, and three adult specimens of Bradypus variegatus were used and they were thawed in running water and dissected by means of an incision in the abdominal cavity, with the skin and musculature reflected, until the peritoneum was exposed. After that, suture patterns of the following types were performed: simple separated, Sultan separated (stitch in “X”) and continuous Reverdin, with non-absorbable synthetic mononylon thread, number 0 to attest to their occlusion. Then, fragments of this organ were collected for histological evaluation. Macroscopy of the Tamandua tetradactyla peritoneum revealed that it was thick, pink in color and distributed along the abdominal cavity, being connected to the rectus abdominis muscle and having a connection with the omentum. Macroscopy of Bradypus variegatus peritoneum indicated an organ of thin thickness, pinkish color and distributed along the abdominal cavity, being connected to the rectus abdominis muscle, lacking omentum. This time, the suture patterns in Tamandua tetradactyla were applied en bloc (individual) to occlude the peritoneum, while in Bradypus variegatus these same suture patterns were applied in mass (peritoneum-aponeurotic-muscular plane). Both were able to generate raffia from the abdominal cavity. The microscopy of Tamandua tetradactyla and Bradypus variegatus was similar, both being composed of a mesothelial layer of squamous cells and a dense connective tissue not modeled afterwards. There were particularities regarding the invagination of dense non-modeled connective tissue in the layer of skeletal striated muscle fibers present in the rectus abdominis muscle.

It is noteworthy that most of the time only in the post-mortem the injuries inflicted on the animals in the pre-slaughter handling are visualized, making it difficult to understand which was the stressor. The objective was to evaluate the incidence of injured carcasses in four anatomical and multiple regions during the pre-slaughter handling of cattle, as well as to identify the possible causes associated with the occurrence of injuries. Data from 1980 batches of animals that were slaughtered in a slaughterhouse located in the municipality of Castanhal - Pará, between May 2020 and May 2021 were used. carcasses injured in the front, ribs, loin, hindquarters and multiples were counted. The variables considered as causing lesions were sex, presence or absence of horns, weight classes, Amazon season, coat condition, type of transport vehicle, density of lots (only for truck vehicles) and distance traveled. To carry out the statistical analysis, the RStudio® software processed descriptive statistics, binomial logistic regression to identify the probability of occurrence of injured carcasses and anatomical regions and an analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is noteworthy that the regions most affected by lesions were the hindquarters and multiple areas, mainly for lots of females. The greater probability of occurrence of bruises on carcasses is increased by the presence of horns and variables associated with transport, namely the effect of the type of transport vehicle, the effect of distances traveled and the effect of load densities. Densities lower than 200 Kg/m² and greater than 600 Kg/m² increased the occurrence of injuries due to instability inside the bodies, leading to falls and another important factor was the distances, since the gradual increase exposes the animals to the elements for longer . Finally, the non-compliance of any factor inherent to the animals, transportation as well as the slaughterhouses are capable of increasing the incidence of bruises in the carcasses.

Cassava peel is a by-product that can make up the diet of ruminants, but exposure to oxygen limits storage for prolonged periods, due to the high perishability of the peel. In this scenario, silage becomes a viable alternative in preserving the chemical composition of this by-product. The objective was to evaluate the effect of cassava peel conservation in the form of silage with levels of palm cake as a moisture sequestrant additive. The present study was divided into two experiments, the first used a completely randomized design (CRD) in a 3x4 factorial scheme with 5 replications. The factors studied were: In natura storage (outer layer), in natura (inner layer) and. silage, and storage time (5, 15, 30 and 90 days). After each storage time, samples were sent for evaluation of microbial populations, pH, chemical composition and cyanidric acid. In the second experiment, a randomized block design (RBD) was used, the factors studied were five levels of palm oil cake in cassava peel silages (0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% in natural matter) and four storage times (5, 15, 30 and 90 days). The treatments were distributed in 5 blocks, totaling 100 experimental units. After each storage time, samples were sent for evaluation of microbial populations, fermentative profile (pH and N-NH3 /TN), DML, AS and chemical composition. It is recommended the cassava peel ensilage technique to preserve the cassava peel and the inclusion of the 15% oil palm cake level, aiming at preserving the chemical composition of the peel and silages that contain a higher NFC content.

Gastrointestinal helminths are common in dogs and may present as potential zoonotic pathogens. Some tutors allow their animals to roam freely, ignoring the possible transmission of diseases between animals and humans. This highlights the importance of zoonoses awareness and pet care. Zoonoses are diseases transmitted between animals and humans by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi. These illnesses can range from mild to fatal, affect both groups and have diverse causes. The objective of this work was to investigate the prevalence, diversity and richness of gastrointestinal nematodes in companion animals in the metropolitan region of Belém, Pará. One hundred fecal samples were collected from dogs in neighborhoods of the metropolitan region of Belém, in sterile feces collector, identified, packed in thermal boxes of expanded polystyrene containing ice and sent to the Laboratory. The samples were analyzed by the Direct method and the Willis method and a questionnaire was applied to the tutors to verify the occurrence of possible zoonoses and factors related to the care of the dogs. In the analysis of 100 samples, 27% were positive for nematodes, predominantly Ancylostoma sp. (85.2%) and Toxocara sp. (7.4%). Among the evaluated dogs, 49% had already undergone fecal examinations and 51% had not. Regarding the ownership of animals, 51.9% had one, 21.5% had two and 10.1% had more than five. As for street access, 59.5% did not have free access. Most dogs were vaccinated (94%) and wormed (92%). As for guardians, 32.9% went to the doctor more than twice a year, 40.5% annually and 25.3% only when sick. With regard to fecal examinations, 45.6% did this year, 50.6% in the previous year and 3.8% had never done these, 13% were positive for helminths. About the tutors&#39; housing, 72% lived in masonry houses and 28% in apartments. The survey highlighted the significant prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes such as Ancylostoma sp. and Toxocara sp., in dogs from the metropolitan region of Belém. The lack of awareness about zoonoses and neglect of pets contribute to the dissemination of these helminths. The need for education, regular checkups and preventive measures stands out to ensure the health of both the animals and humans involved.

Brazil stands out on the global beef scene for having the largest commercial herd and being the world's largest exporter of this type of meat. Therefore, an overview of beef slaughter and the characteristics of its products at a regional level (spatial) and their annual variations (temporal) is an important tool for transferring information for the management, sustainability and development of the beef production chain in the region. The analysis of data from a slaughterhouse under the Federal Inspection System (SIF) located in the city of Santarém - PA, for the period from January 2013 to December 2019, made it possible to describe the main characteristics of the carcasses and their non-components of cattle slaughtered in the region. In this context, the project entitled Characterization of bovine carcasses produced in the Southwest and West regions of the state of Pará aims to show the community, specifically beef cattle producers, technicians, industries and the bodies involved in the activity, the type of carcass produced in the region, which will generate information that will guide those involved in the entire production chain to produce better quality meat, which could make it possible to conquer new markets, thus leveraging the region's gross domestic product by adding value to meat. The municipalities of Uruará, Placas and Rurópolis in the Southwest region, and Santarém, Belterra and Monte Alegre in the West were the ones that sent the most animals for slaughter. The slaughter of females and males was close in the West region and varied in the Southwest. The average carcass weight of males (236.86 kg) was higher than that of females (201.29 kg) in all years, although there was an increase in the carcass weight of females. The percentage of carcasses condemned by sex class was higher in females. The main causes of carcass condemnations in the West region were tuberculosis, brucellosis and jaundice, and in the Southwest for contusion, tuberculosis and brucellosis.

The commercial turtle breeding is seen as an opportunity for Kinosternon scorpioidesconservation in the Amazon due to the threat of predatory hunting driven by the interest in its meat. In this sense, we sought to study the species and its captive breeding system through three lines of research. In the first, an integrative review was carried out, which culminated in a synthesis of knowledge that aims to support commercial breeding. The results and conclusions showed that the species has low invasive potential; the activity demands a low requirement for area, infrastructure, and water use; and captive breeding is a zootechnical and environmentally timely activity for the conservation of the species, as it is a way to avoid spending on programs made just for this purpose. The second aimed to present an Aquaterrarium for animal maintenance guided within an Amazonian environment of welfare as alternatives to the absence of specific norms for slaughter and a structure that guarantees the conditions and adaptability for the situation of captivity as a pet. It was concluded that the structure is suitable for both purposes, but its use does not replace specific slaughter techniques, and before thinking about acquiring a chelonian as a pet, it is important to assess the compatibility of personal requirements with the possibility of keeping it throughout its long life. The third line sought to prospect polymorphisms in the C-MOS gene, characterize and relate them to body weight (BW) and average number of eggs (NE). For this, the DNA of 75 animals was extracted and sequenced. Population data were evaluated using the GENEPOP software, and associations between genotypes and the studied traits were tested by variance analysis (ANOVA). The results showed a non-synonymous polymorphism resulting in three genotypes: CC (49%), CT (42%), and TT (9%). However, these genotypes were not associated with body weight or number of eggs, being suitable only for use in population studies with the species.

The morbidity and mortality due to diseases caused by hemoparasites such as anaplasmosis and trypanosomosis still represent today severe damage to livestock and a relevant challenge to scientific research on animal health. These hemoparasitoses are characterized by a silent course and low parasitemia, making diagnosis difficult. Moreover, when present, the symptoms are nonspecific, favoring the improper administration of veterinary drugs that result in treatment inefficiency and increased drug resistance. Evaluating the quality of diagnostic tests is a topic of interest in clinical and epidemiological research since proper treatment of a disease begins based on rapid and correct pathogen detection or disease diagnosis. More recently, the LAMP diagnostic technique has proven to be more sensitive than PCR, highly specific, and with minimal laboratory structure requirements. This study aimed at comparatively analyzing the performance of PCR, real-time PCR and LAMP techniques in the detection of Anaplasma marginale and Trypanosoma vivax in naturally infected cattle and buffaloes in Amapá state, Brazilian Amazon. A total of 150 whole blood samples were analyzed at the UFRA serology and molecular biology laboratory. The study confirmed the circulation of T. vivax protozoan and A.marginale bacteria in Amapá herds, predominantly asymptomatically. However, the kappa statistical test did not show satisfactory agreement between the techniques used. The prevalence rates obtained by conventional PCR were the lowest (4% for T. vivax and 3,3% for A. marginale), suggesting that this test is not recommended for use in screening herds. For T. vivax and A. marginale, respectively, real-time PCR expressed 38% and 28.6% detection and the LAMP technique obtained 83.3% and 56% positive samples. The LAMP test revealed superior sensitivity in the detection of these hemoparasites, demonstrating to be a potential alternative for the clinical and epidemiological molecular diagnosis of animal anaplasmosis and trypanosomosis in animals with low parasitemia from endemic regions. Further studies should be carried out to adjust the LAMP protocols for their adaptation to simpler laboratories close to the rural environment.

The application of activities contemplating One Health is imperative in our daily life as a way of balancing the planet due to the various forms of life that cohabit and that present interdependent relationships. In the Amazon region, considered a strategic ecosystem for humanity, these activities are of importance and urgency, since its territorial extension often makes access to technologies and services that could improve the reality of communities that are located far from urban centers difficult. . Environmental protection areas (APA) are often affected by the particularities that guide human interventions and their consequences, such as the inclusion of dogs and cats in these environments without proper health care, which may cause the development of zoonoses or other problems. public health, mitigating natural resources and unbalancing these ecosystems. The objective of our research was to evaluate the impact of domestic animals in a Conservation Unit on Ilha de Algodoal, State of Pará, Brazil, where 208
animals were vaccinated, 138 dogs and cats were dewormed, 237 animals were castrated, 53 samples were collected for research. on vector diseases in these animals and human activity where educational activities were carried out and 113 residents were interviewed, tutoring 303 dogs and cats and observing the notification of the municipality with 91% of diseases related to anti-rabies care, demonstrating a clear imbalance in the human-animal interface in the region. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2007 software.

Malaria remains one of the most important infectious diseases for public health. Global efforts to reduce malaria have reduced the global incidence of cases from 8.2% in 2000 to 5.9% in 2021. However, the parasite species involved in zoonotic malaria are becoming increasingly important. Currently, Plasmodium knowlesi, a zoonotic parasite, causes high malaria prevalence in South-East Asia. Natural human infections with two endemic zoonotic species, Plasmodium brasilianum (morphologically, genetically and immunologically indistinguishable from Plasmodium malariae) and Plasmodium simium (almost indistinguishable from Plasmodium vivax), have been reported in South America. In the Amazon, rural, riverine and indigenous populations often live in geographical areas where malaria is endemic and where there is a high biodiversity of wildlife. This ecological link, in the presence of competent vectors, favors the existence of possible scenarios of anthropozoonotic transmission of malaria, becoming silent foci that threaten malaria control. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology of parasite species associated with zoonotic malaria and their possible adaptive radiation to non-human vertebrate hosts at the human-wildlife interface in the Peruvian Amazon. METHODOLOGY: Between 2007 and 2020, a molecular epidemiological study was conducted in the Yagua indigenous community of Nueva Esperanza, located on the border between Peru and Brazil, comprising a cross-sectional analysis of individuals from the local community and a retrospective analysis of wildlife. In February 2020, whole blood samples were collected from 141 villagers and, over a period of 11 years (2007 - 2015 and 2019 - 2020), filter paper blood samples were collected from 1053 wildlife individuals (343 non-human primates -NHPs-, 341 large rodents, 250 ungulates, 71 edentates and 48 carnivores) from subsistence hunting by the local population. Nested PCR (nPCR) targeting the cox3 gene and real-time PCR (qPCR) targeting the 18S rRNA gene were used to identify malaria parasite species. To determine the diversity of Plasmodium parasites in human vertebrate and wildlife hosts, nPCR targeting the mitochondrial cytb gene was used. Finally, phylogenetic analysis was performed using molecular sequences of positive samples. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of Plasmodium spp. was 51.9%, 178/343 in NHPs; 43.3%, 61/141 in humans; 20.8%, 52/250 in ungulates; 12.5%, 6/48 in carnivores; 10.3%, 35/216 in larger rodents and 0.0%, 0/71 in edentates. Regarding the malaria parasites, P. vivax/simium was identified as the most common species in humans (36.2%, 51/141), NHPs (14.9%, 51/343) and larger rodents (1.5%, 5/341), and P. brasilianum/malariae in NHPs (19.01%, 65/342) and humans (4.3%, 6/141). Humans and NHPs share identical malaria parasite lineages, including P. falciparum specie (1.5%, 2/141 in humans and 0.3%, 1/343 in NHPs. In addition, five new Plasmodium lineages were identified, one of which was zoonotic, called Plasmodium spp. Type I, found in ungulates (9.6%, 24/250), NHPs (5.3%, 18/343), humans (5.0%, 7/141), larger rodents (4.1%, 14/341), domestic rodents (2.2%, 1/45) and carnivores (2.1%, 1/48). Two of the lineages were found in wild animals but not in humans; Plasmodium spp. type II was identified in NHPs (5.0%, 17/343), carnivores (2.1%, 1/48) and ungulates (1.2%, 3/250) and Plasmodium spp. type III in carnivores (2.1%, 1/48), ungulates (0.8%, 2/250), larger rodents (0.6%, 2/216) and NHPs (0.3%, 1/343). The last two lineages were found only in ungulates of Mazama americana specie: Plasmodium spp. type IV (2.0%, 5/250) and type V (0.8%, 2/250). Only 6.0% (3/50) of the malaria-positive villagers reported fever. Based on the correlation between parasitaemia and qPCR cycle thresholds (CTs), P. vivax/simium parasitaemia was found to be very low in humans (CT 31.2 ± 4.7) and almost undetectable in NHPs. In addition, malaria parasitaemia in NHPs is significantly lower (Ct 32.9 ± 3.1) than in humans. CONCLUSION: Phylogenetic analysis of malaria species between humans and NHPs suggests the presence of naturally acquired anthropozoonotic infections in local human populations. The new lineage, Plasmodium spp. Type I, present in humans and wildlife forms a monophyletic clade that shares a common ancestor with known human malaria lineages, but represents a sister clade to P. falciparum. The high prevalence of asymptomatic and low parasitaemia in humans indicates acquired immunity due to the mode of infection caused by P. vivax specie. Similarly, very low and almost undetectable parasitaemia in wild NHPs is evidence of their capacity as reservoirs for malaria. The human-wildlife interface represents a natural reservoir of malaria parasites and effective interspecies transmission, the impact of which on disease needs to be assessed and monitored.

This study is divided into four chapters, the second, third and fourth being written in the format of scientific articles. Chapter I presents a literature review on animal behavior and welfare. Chapter II deals with a proposal for using the focal animal recording technique in the assessment of the well-being of buffaloes. This study was carried out in an experimental paddock on a rural property in the municipality of Santarém, Pará, Brazil. To assess animal patterns, the focal animal technique was used. The animals were filmed during the day, using a video camera, and at night and at dawn, records were held "in loco" due to difficulties in filming. In all, the animals were observed for 72 consecutive hours. Based on the literature, variables to be analyzed were predefined and divided into state type: finding, standing, rumination, grazing and idleness and instantaneous: tail wagging, scratching and licking. The variables, mean air temperature and relative air humidity were also verified. The temperature and humidity index (ITU) and the thermal comfort index (CI) were measured. The multivariate technique of principal components was applied to group the patterns and identify which activities the animals perform most in these periods. Instantaneous patterns were also adopted and the analyzes were carried out in the R-Studio software. As a result, note that the ITU and IC independently for the thermal comfort zone. Grazing was more evident in the coldest hours of the day, especially during the night and dawn. Rumination occurred in different periods, especially during the day, being more frequent with the animal in the lying position. Behaviors such as scratching, tail wagging and licking differed from each other (p<0.05), and are parameters that can also be taken into account to map the level of well-being of individuals of this species. Therefore, the evaluations carried out within the parameters adapted for buffaloes adequately reflect the behavioral repertoire for the ethogram, in the field environment. The third chapter was developed from the data obtained during the project, and aimed to identify through correlations whether the respiratory rate (RR) and mean descent time (TMD) can be used as instruments capable of assessing the animal's stress level. . The experiment was carried out in a slaughterhouse-refrigerator, under the Federal Inspection Service, in the municipality of Castanhal, State of Pará. Eight batches of uncastrated zebu cattle, aged approximately four years, weighing an average of 500±28 Kg were used. -1 from different properties and municipalities. Only animals transported by land were evaluated. Divided into two treatments (distance traveled between the origin and destination of the animals) of short (<291 km) and long distances (>291 km). In addition, direct correlation was also carried out by compiling the distances without adopting the treatments. As measurement parameters for the realization of correlations, the initial and final RF and the initial and final pH, as well as the TMD and distances were used. As a result, it was found that there was a positive correlation (p<0.05) of the initial and final pH with the final RF for long-distance transport. There were also differences (p<0.01) between initial and final RF and for initial and final pH. When evaluating the distances together (Treatment I and II), a positive correlation (p>0.05) was evidenced between the final and initial pH. It is also identified that there was a negative correlation (p<0.01) between TMD and initial pH (<0.05) and between TMD and final pH (<0.05). Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between initial and final pH for treatment II. By correlating the distance as a function of the TMD with the initial and final pH, a positive correlation was identified between the TMD and the distance (p<0.01). And for the final pH there was a negative correlation as a function of distance (p<0.01). Finally, it was possible to verify that the RF proved to be a response variable capable of indicating the animal's stress level with reference to the pH variation, since this presented a direct correlation with the initial and final pH. Furthermore, TMD also presented itself as a response in relation to the stress level of cattle. The fourth chapter is still under construction, and aims to evaluate the behavior of focal animals in a slaughterhouse waiting pen as an indicator of animal welfare and its effect on carcass and beef quality. This study was carried out in the waiting corral of a slaughterhouse-refrigerator, under the Federal Inspection Service (SIF), located in the municipality of Castanhal, State of Pará. Eight batches of uncastrated male zebu cattle aged approximately four years, weighing an average of 500±28.5 Kg-1, coming from different properties and municipalities. The lots were divided into distances, considering two different categories: short (<500 km) and long (>501km) distances. The animals were transported by means of a single-floor truck, exclusively by land. Five focal animals were used in each replication, chosen by drawing lots, which were visually identified, making it possible to observe the animals through the filming. For observation of individuals, the animal-focal method with instantaneous recording was used, where every five minutes per animal/hour, the animal was observed, and then the behavior of the cattle was recorded. In all, five focal animals per hour were evaluated, totaling 25 minutes of observation. Two video cameras distributed inside the waiting corral were used. Behaviors were continuously recorded. Digital video with a High Definition (HD) recorder (Seagate 500 GB) was used in order to store the images. The video data was then analyzed using a recording of each animal in the Cowlog 3.0.2 Behavior Software. Videos were evaluated by two trained observers. The evaluation of the carcass was carried out after the slaughter of the cattle, being evaluated 15 carcasses belonging to each batch, taking into account the number, location, color and size of bruises. After collection, data were statistically evaluated. It was found that there was a difference (p<0.05) between the short and long distances, as well as the execution time in isolation and associated with distance. There was a difference (p<0.05) in the halter behavior in the first hours of the cattle in the waiting pen of the slaughterhouse-refrigerator, that is, in rooms 1 and 2, this behavior being more evident in animals that traveled shorter distances to the establishment. Comparing the rooms in the short distance, it was noticed that rooms 1 and 2 were not different from each other, as well as between rooms 3 and 4 (p>0.05). For the mounting behavior, no differences were identified between the distances evaluated (p>0.05). However, differences were found between treatments for the waiting time, as well as for the same associated with distance (p<0.05). There was a difference (p<0.05) between the short and long distances for quarters 2 and 3, with breeding more performed by cattle transported over short distances. There were differences between treatments for waiting time alone and its association with the distance covered (p<0.05). There was a difference (p<0.05) in pushing behavior between the treatments studied, which was evident only in room 1, that is, in the first hours in the waiting pen. The initial and final PH differed from each other for cattle transported either for short or long distances (p<0.05). However, no differences were found between the initial and final RF for the studied treatments (p>0.05). Finally, it was found that there were no differences (p<0.05) between the location and size of the hematoma in relation to short and long distances. There was also a difference in the degree of injury (p-value = 0.0124), which was more evident in degree 1 for short distance and 2 for long distances.

Oil Palm Decanter Cake can be an alternative in ruminant feed, however, its shelf life is short due to its high moisture content. In this way, the objective was to study the chemical composition of the solid and two conservation methods, by the dehydration and silage method. The two conservation methods were carried out in a completely randomized design, with five dehydration protocols (lyophilization, natural drying, 55ºC, 80ºC and 120ºC), silage with four cornmeal concentrations (0%, 10%, 20% and 30 %, based on natural matter) and a pile exposed to the environment, both conservation methods were with four replications. The dehydration protocols did not influence the chemical composition (p<0.05), with the exception of dry matter which was higher in the dehydration at 120ºC, lyophilization reduced neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, insoluble nitrogen in neutral detergent and increased non-fibrous carbohydrate, there were no changes in the fatty acid profile, in vitro digestibility there was no difference (p>0.05) and gas production by lyophilization and natural drying showed parallelism and the curves were not identical (p<0 .05). The inclusion of cornmeal in Oil Palm Decanter Cake silage showed a significant increase (p<0.05) of dry matter, organic matter and total carbohydrates, reduced crude protein, ether extract, fiber content, and non-fibrous carbohydrates, for the corrected fiber content, a lower content was observed with 31.70% of cornmeal in the mixture and higher levels of non-fibrous carbohydrates with 43.02% of cornmeal, in relation to fatty acids there was a reduction of acids palmitic fatty acids, lower portion of stearic with 20.33% cornmeal and total saturated with 27.5% cornmeal in the mixture, and significantly increased linoleic fatty acid and total unsaturated with higher portion of unsaturated with 27 .6% cornmeal (p<0.05). There was no significant effect (p>0.05) for effluent production (kg/T) and losses (%) in silage, there was a significant increase for pH and ammoniacal nitrogen, the lowest appearance of lactic acid bacteria was with 15.87% of cornmeal and greater appearance of fungi with 14.49% of cornmeal in the mixture. The maximum time in stability (h) was with 6.62% of cornmeal, the lowest maximum temperature (ºC) with 7.97% of cornmeal in the silage and the lowest amplitude with 8.40% of cornmeal, the pH of the silage during stability was significant (p<0.05) for time, increasing pH on the third day. There was a significant effect (p<0.05) for in vitro digestibility, methane production and metabolizable energy, it increased the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and for metabolizable energy it was higher with 39.15% of cornmeal, the lowest methane production was with 22.86% cornmeal. Regarding the production of gases, there was a significant effect (p<0.05), in which the increase in the proportion of cornmeal in the mixture increased the production of gases by incubation time and the curves showed parallelism and not identical. It was found that Oil Palm Decanter Cake can be preserved in dehydrated form regardless of temperature, and also as in silage, the use of cornmeal brought increases in chemical, fermentative and digestibility composition, however it is still possible to conserve without cornmeal as a moisture sequestering additive. The conservation of Oil Palm Decanter Cake through dehydration and silage are technically viable ways to avoid disposal in the environment and provide a sustainable destination for ruminant feeding.

Melanoma is a highly heterogeneous cancer of melanin-producing dendritic cells. In dogs, it is responsible for 7% of all malignant neoplasms and the place of greatest occurrence is in the oral cavity. They mainly affect older dogs and those that have dark pigmentation on the skin and mucous membranes. The prognosis is generally considered unfavorable, and the diagnosis is made through the association of macroscopic characteristics, and cytopathological, histopathological and immunohistochemical tests. Although there is treatment, they are still not as efficient.Therefore, the use of cytogenetics has shown to be promising, as it allows for the correlation between the patient's clinical condition and the chromosomal alterations found.

Birds of prey have morphological characteristics adapted to the predatory habit, such as a curved beak, sharp claws and vision developed for hunting. However, literature data are scarse on the morphology of birds in this group, which hinders the role of veterinarians in terms of clinical and surgical approaches to these individuals. Thus, we chose Chondrohierax uncinatus and Rupornis magnirostris as research targets regarding the radiographic anatomy of their air sacs, given the importance of these structures in the respiratory maintenance of birds in general in the therapeutic context. To date, seven adults Rupornis magnirostris were analyzed, whose air sacs were perfused via the trachea with contrasted latex, followed by radiographic follow-up. For a total of nine air sacs, these were arranged as follows: two cervical air sacs; a single clavicular air sac; two cranial thoracic air sacs, two caudal thoracic air sacs, bilaterally equivalent; and two abdominal air sacs, arranged asymmetrically. The humerus and femur bones were completely filled by intraosseous humeral and femoral diverticulum, respectively.

The use of genetic markers as well as the determination of the expression of genes involved in the imune system of buffaloes is extremely valuable in selection programs, they can promote the choice of animals resistant to many pathogens. Thus, the objective of the study was to associate the g4467 G>A polymorphism in the IFNG gene with your gene expression profile as well as miRNA 125b in dairy buffaloes without hemoparasitosis. Blood samples were collected from 145 female buffaloes. DNA extraction was performed through the phenolchloroform method, followed by PCR and RT-PCR techniques for molecular diagnosis of Babesia spp. agents. Trypanosoma spp. and Anaplasma marginale, respectively. Then, all animals were genotyped by the PCR-RFLP technique. Then, RNAs were extracted from animals of different genotypes to determine IFNG mRNA and miRNA expressions through RT-PCR. PCR-RFLP revealed three banding patterns for the studied SNP. Where the genotypes GG, GA and AA were observed, in the proportions of 3.4%, 2.6% and 94.4% respectively and the A allele was the most frequent (95.1%). The SNP showed a deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) (P<0.05) and a deficit of heterozygotes with FIS 0.764. All animals of the genotypes found showed expression in both genes, but for the IFNG gene the expression was moderate and for miRNA 125b low. The expression of miRNA 125b showed a significant difference (P<0.05) between the genotypes, with the heterozygote (GA) showing the highest expression. These results suggest that the SNP evaluated in the study population showed low variability because it is a dairy herd that is probably under selection pressure and that healthy animals for hemoparasitosis show the same pattern of IFNG gene expression, but heterozygotes showed greater miRNA125b expression.

Ramphastos tucanus and Pteroglossus aracari are birds belonging to the family Ramphastidae, both species with imposing plumage, long and colorful beaks, this being their main characteristic. However, little is known about the morphological aspects of these species, making it difficult for veterinarians to act, especially regarding the respiratory system, target of important disorders in birds, as well as fundamental for respiratory and anesthetic maintenance during surgical procedures. The anatomy of the respiratory system of six Ramphastos tucanus and four Pteroglossus aracari submitted to pre and post tracheal infusion of pigmented and contrasted latex, followed by dissection of the cellular cavity, was evaluated. The animals evaluated showed similarities among themselves, and to what is described in domestic birds, with small morphological differences characteristic of each species. Both showed trachea with complete and rounded cartilaginous rings and seven air sacs identified as follows: a single clavicular air sac, a pair of cervical air sacs, a pair of thoracic air sacs, and a pair of abdominal air sacs. For the purposes of inhalation anesthesia and mechanical ventilation, the most appropriate cannula for orotracheal intubation in R. toucans should be 4.5 mm in diameter and for P. aracari it should be 3.0 mm in diameter, and the cannulation for air sac anesthesia in both species is suggested to be performed in the thoracic air sac, which is a single pair.

Cuniculus paca is a medium-sized rodent distributed throughout most of Latin America. Its role in seed dispersal, commercial and subsistence meat exploitation makes it a species of important human and forest dependency relationship. Therefore, the objective was to morphologically characterize the female urogenital system of C. paca fetuses correlating them with the respective phases of intrauterine development. 12 fetuses were used, between 48 and 157 days. The specimens were fixed and dissected for morphometric, macroscopic, and histological analysis. Morphologically, the urinary tract was composed of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra, the kidneys were defined as smooth surface organs, relating craniomedially with the adrenals and caudally with the gonads, Histologically, it presents with good distinction between cortical and medullary regions, with the presence of glomeruli since the first age evaluated, increasing their size and number according to the fetal phase; the female reproductive system already well differentiated in fetuses of low gestational age, presenting organization and distinction of organs, microscopic structures such as the presence of secondary follicles in animals in the middle third of gestation. This evidence reinforces the precocial development of these individuals.

The agouti is one of the best-known rodents that inhabit rain forest, being found in southern Mexico, Central and South America. Studies about the embryological and fetal development of the species provide information that help us to understand the adaptive strategies of the newborns. Thus, we sought to describe the bone development during the gestational phase of the black agouti (Dasyprocta fuliginosa), comparing it with other precocial and altricial species, relating it to the adaptive strategies of the species. We analyzed a total of 33 embryos/fetus, obtained over 17 years in collaboration with local subsistence hunters residing in the Amazon. Measurements of the mineralized portions of the axial and appendicular skeletons were performed using ultrasonography, using a linear and multifrequency 10 -18MHz electronic transducer in B-Mode. Data were evaluated using linear and non-linear logistic regressions using the CurveExpert Professional 2.7 software, and logistic regressions to estimate the probability of occurrence of bone mineralization using the Statistica 8.0 software. The fetal age formula was strongly associated with the total dorsal length (TDL). The chronological order of occurrence of mineralization in relation to TDL was: axial skeleton (skull, vertebral bodies, ribs, TDL = 8.2 cm); clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, ilium, ischium, femur, tibia and fibula (TDL = 8.2 cm); metacarpals, metatarsals bones and pubis (TDL = 9 cm); phalanges and calcaneus (TDL = 13.2 cm); carpus (TDL=15.10 cm) and distal row of tarsus (TDL = 19.6 cm).  Patella was not observed. The secondary ossification centers that presented first signs of mineralization were: distal epiphysis of the radius, distal epiphysis of the femur, and proximal and distal epiphysis of the tibia (TDL = 13.2 cm). Advanced fetuses (TDL≥ 21.5 cm, 93.5% gestational. It was observed that the neonates of the agouti have a well-developed skeleton, which allows their locomotion right after birth, giving them a certain independence in the postnatal period, which justifies their precociality. The results obtained can contribute to the monitoring of bone development in this species, and in other wild species, helping to understand the life history of these animals, and serving as parameters for comparisons between precocious and altricial mammals.

The objective of the present work was to evaluate seven cultivars of tropical grasses of the genera Megathyrsus sp. and Urochloa sp. under three harvest frequencies for silage production in the Amazon biome. The field experiment was carried out in the experimental area of the Igarapé-açu school farm (FEIGA) of the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA). The design used was in randomized blocks, in a factorial arrangement of 7 × 3, with seven cultivars of tropical grasses and three cutting frequencies, with four blocks (n = 84). The cultivars evaluated were Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria) brizantha cv. Xaraés, U. brizantha cv. BRS Piatã, Uroclhoa sp. cv. Mavuno (hybrid: B. ruziziensis x B. brizantha, Uroclhoa sp. cv. BRS Ipyporã (hybrid: B. ruziziensis x B. brizantha), Megathyrsus maximus (syn. Panicum maximum) cv. BRS Kenya, M. maximus cv. BRS Tamani and M. maximus BRS Zuri. Cutting frequencies were 30, 60 and 90 days at a residual height of 20 cm. Morphogenic and structural characteristics were evaluated, forage production in the rainy season, nutritional value and forage production in the less rainy period, in addition to the seasonality of natural and dry matter in the seasons. The data were subjected to descriptive analysis, normality tests and ANOVA (proc glimmix) The fixed effects of Cultivar (C), Harvest frequency (FC), the C×FC interaction, the random block effect and the experimental error were considered in the statistical model. averages were compared using the Tukey test. Statistical analyzes were performed in the SAS Studio software, through the online platform Sas OnDemand for Academics, considering 0.05 as a significance level. In view of the above, it is possible to see that grasses harvested at a frequency of 30 days provide forage of greater nutritional value, related to a frequency of 90 days. However, there is a need to carry out more harvests during the year, increasing costs. Climatic conditions exerted considerable influence on the performance of grasses such as Kenya and Tamani. However, they provided an increase in the development of Zuri grass during the wettest period of the year. Cultivars of the genus Urochloa such as Xaraés, Piatã and Mavuno showed characteristics of greater flexibility to climatic conditions compared to grasses of the genus Megathyrsus without affecting their production, enhancing the adaptability of these grasses to different regions. Thus, it is possible to observe the different characterization scenarios of grasses of the genus Megathyrsus and Urochloa in view of their morphogenic, structural, nutritional and productive characteristics, with variations during the seasons and thus composing a range of options for the production of silage in the different regions of Brazil.

Meta-analysis has been used because it is a technique that employs scientific objectives and methods based on statistics to synthesize and quantify the knowledge acquired through research with a common objective. Given the need to optimize the use of financial resources in studies of ruminant nutrition, which are laborious and expensive, it is possible to develop work with the database of a research group that has already carried out several experiments with similar objectives. Or even search the search database for studies that have the same theme and extract results using a meta-analytic approach. Thus, the present thesis is composed of two chapters. The article presented in the first chapter aimed to develop multiple regression equations to predict the chemical composition of the body and carcass of castrated male sheep using the chemical composition of body parts, carcass measurements, and fasting body weight as regressors, through a meta-analytic approach using data from two experiments. This study showed for the first time that the combination of the chemical composition of body parts, carcass measurements and fasting body weight in a multiple regression equation can predict body and carcass composition (water, ash, fat, and protein) of castrated sheep males. The developed equations can help in experiments on the nutritional requirement of hairless sheep, reducing economic costs in body chemical analyses. Furthermore, they can be useful for the sheep meat industry to assess the nutritional quality of the carcass. The second chapter presents an article formatted in the Livestock Science standards, it is a meta-analysis, which used a database from published works, with the objective of (1) identifying the gaps in knowledge in the scientific literature involving studies on gestational nutrition of beef cattle; (2) provide solid information about factors that can affect progeny performance; and also (3) quantify the effects of metabolizable energy (ME) and protein (PM) levels on the average daily weight gain of beef cows during gestation. It was found that the cow's body weight and diet during pregnancy influenced birth weight, diet during pregnancy, and birth weight influenced the average daily gain in the calving stage. In addition, diet during pregnancy, birth weight, and sex are factors that influence the weaning weight of the offspring. Regardless of the challenges, it was concluded that this research provides a comparison between fetal programming studies and should contribute to the design and focus of future studies.

The alternative foods as source of roughage in feedlots of beef cattle can be an important strategy to reduce costs and labor with traditional roughages production (ex. silages). However, nutritional parameters and efficiency of nutrients utilization needs to be evaluated to help produces make a right decision. In addition, the use of these industrial by-products in animal nutrition can contribute to reduce the environmental liabilities that do not have an adequate destination. Thus, two experiments were carried out at the Federal Rural University of Amazon, which the objective was evaluated açaí seed as a source of roughage in diets of feedlot beef cattle. The first experiment evaluated the effects of two methods of supplying açaí seed (AS) as a roughage source (coarsely broken or whole) on intake, digestibility, and rumen parameters. Four ruminally fistulated crossbred Nellore bulls averaging 340 ± 31 kg of body weight were used in two simultaneous 2 × 2 Latin square design. The dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake was higher to animals fed coarsely broken açaí. The digestibility of DM and nutrients was not affected. Acetate, total volatile fatty acid concentrations, and the acetate:propionate ratio were greater to animals coarsely broken açaí fed. However whole açaí seed provides greater pH value. The second experiment evaluated differents levels of broken açaí seed (BAS) inclusion (0; 5; 10; 15 and 20%) in diet of beef cattle feedlot on intake, digestion, ruminal degradation kinetics and fiber passage and efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Five ruminally fistulated crossbred Nellore bulls (average weight 387±27) were used in 5 x 5 Latin square design. A tendency towards a linear effect was observed for dry matter (DM) intake (P < 0.10) and a linear effect was observed for intake of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Total nutrient digestibility and fecal starch content were not affected by the inclusion of açai seed (P>0.05). NDF digestibility decreased linearly (P<0.05). Ruminal and intestinal digestibilities were not altered (P<0.05). Ruminal ammonia nitrogen was reduced and a quadratic effect was observed for pH, with means greater than 0 and 20% (P>0.05). There was a linear increase in the concentration of acetate in the rumen (P<0.05) and a trend of linear increase in the total concentration of VFA and butyrate (P<0.10). However, the acetate:propionate ratio was not altered (P>0.05). The passage and rate of DM degradation were not affected by the inclusion of broken açaí seeds (P>0.05). A linear effect was observed for nitrogen intake in the inclusion of broken açaí seeds (P<0.05). The inclusion of broken açaí seeds as a fiber source in feedlot beef cattle diets increases intake without affecting digestibility (with the exception of NDF), passage rate, digestion and nitrogen utilization efficiency. Increases acetate concentration and reduces ruminal ammonia nitrogen.

Studies on feeding and parasitological ecology of vertebrates in remote and difficult-to-access environments, such as tropical humid forests, are scarce. This gap is partially explained by the high cost of logistical effort for the use of conventional methods, such as the direct observation of animal behavior and/or the collection of faecal samples in high and dense forests, such as in the Amazon. The analysis of viscera gathered from the subsistence hunting activity practiced by local people is an opportunity to study the ecological aspects of free-living wild animals. In this thesis, I assessed ecological aspects of the diet and parasitism in platyrrhine primates (Platyrrhini, Primates) based on the analysis of digestive tracts donated by subsistence hunters in central and western Amazonia. I measured the length of the tubular organs of the digestive system of 289 specimens belonging to 11 genera of primates and evaluated the stomach contents of 178 specimens of nine genera, distributed in the families Atelidae, Cebidae and Pitheciidae. I found adaptations in the morphology of the digestive tracts that reflect different dietary patterns among platyrrhine species. The relative longer small intestine of some species agree with higher rates of animal matter consumption, whereas longer cecum and colon indicate the importance of the intestinal microbiota in the digestion of structural carbohydrates and/or in the detoxification of chemical defenses of different plant items consumed. In terms of animal matter, I identified 12 taxa of ingested arthropods, including insects, spiders, and millipedes. Consumption patterns in terms of richness, diversity and proportion of arthropods in the diet did not meet the classic Jarman-Bell and Kay models. Approximately 95% of the seeds found in the stomachs were whole, emphasizing the importance of these primates in seed dispersal. Seed sizes ranged from 0.5 to 52 mm. Whole seeds of up to 10 mm were found in the stomach contents of all genera analyzed, including in pitheciids which are usually seed predators. On the other hand, seeds >34 mm seem to be dispersed exclusively by larger primates (Atelidae). The diet of Alouatta juara did not differ in terms of proportion of items consumed in the white-water flooded forest or upland forest. However, estimates of the amount of seeds and biomass dispersed daily per km² were higher in white-water flooded forest, possibly due to the higher density of red howler monkeys, but also to the greater richness ingested, likely related to the high primary productivity in this environment. Furthermore, I also detected four taxa of intestinal parasites infecting red howler monkeys. I identified that periods of high river water level are also those of high risk of parasitic infection, since the number of eggs and oocysts, as well as the prevalence of parasites, increase as the rivers water level rises. The results obtained in this thesis contribute to advancing knowledge about the evolutionary aspects of morphological adaptations to diet, feeding and parasitological ecology, as well as to understanding the ecological roles played by platyrrhines. In addition, these studies can support future research on the effects of hunting on the ecosystem services provided by the target primate species.

The host-parasite relationship is characterized as an allelobiotic interaction built through evolutionary-adaptive processes with asymptomatic hosts, in the wild environment the balance of this relationship is notorious, but when there is anthropogenic intervention, an enzootic cycle can start, giving rise to emerging or reemerging diseases. . Among the etiologic agents, Bartonella spp., Is characterized by Gram-negative bacilli of the Proteobacteria class that present tropism by erythrocytes and endothelial cells, with infection already described in animals of the orders: Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Eulipotyphla and Chiroptera. The infection by the bacterium may be associated with lymphadenitis, endocarditis, bacillary angiomatosis and liver peliosis in humans. Thirteen species of Bartonella are considered to be zoonotic and, rodents are considered potential reservoirs. And due to the scarcity of studies on the subject and the exponential relevance that this proteobacterium has presented as a disease-causing agent in human and veterinary medicine, research related to the molecular evaluation of this bacterium in mastofaunistic reservoirs may have come to contribute significantly to its eco-epidemiological characterization, genetic variability and identification of possible hosts. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been commonly used in colonies of Bartonella spp. and the study of the polymorphism in the length of the restriction fragment (RFLP) of the genes encoding citrate synthase (gltA) of the RNAr 16S or RNAr 16S-23S regions of the extragenic and random palindromic sequences is used to distinguish strains and species of Bartonellaceae, being an excellent diagnostic method. In this context, the present work aims to carry out the molecular and histopathological study of the occurrence of Bartonella spp. in rodent livers and free-living neotropical didelphis captured in the state of Pará. 184 samples of livers belonging to the Echimyidae, Cricetidae, Muridae and Didelphidae families were analyzed, distributed in 20 genera from four municipalities. In the partial amplification of the gltA gene of the genus Bartonella spp. by PCR to date, 18 positive samples have been registered. Their amplicons were sequenced and the consensus sequences were later aligned with nucleotide sequences representative of the genus Bartonella for phylogenetic analysis. Some histopathological findings of the liver tissue of positive animals were characterized by having a slight diffuse sinusoidal dilation and mononuclear infiltrate.

Objectives The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of FeHV-1 in domestic cats and to associate the cytokine gene expressions: TNF-α, IL-6, IL1-β, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ in positive animals and negative to this virus. Methods The study was carried out with domestic cats from veterinary clinics and shelters in the metropolitan region of Belém. Samples of conjunctival swabs were collected in these animals and subjected to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction, these samples were evaluated using the conventional PCR technique, the in order to identify FeHV-1 infection. Blood samples were also collected and submitted to ribonucleic acid (RNA) extraction to evaluate the cytokine gene expression that was performed by the RT-PCR technique. The Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene was used as an endogenous gene. The expression of each gene was determined by the 2-∆Ct method. Gene expression profiles were tested for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. And the student t test was applied to differentiate the levels of expression of these cytokines between FeHV-1 positive and negative animals through the SAS program (Free Version University Edition). The level of significance was p <0.05. Results Forty cats were included in the study and six (15%) cats were positive. The TNF-α and IL-6 genes showed significance (p <0.05), with the TNF-α gene expressing 2x more negatives and the IL-6 gene expressing 2x more positives. Conclusions and relevance The analysis of RT-PCR in the evaluation of gene expression profiles of cytokines in cats positive and negative for feline herpesvirus can be used to assess the immune status, as it suggests the stage of infection of cytokines in cats positive and negative for feline herpesvirus can be used to assess the immune status, as it suggests the stage of infection of these animals

The aboveground part and cassava root silage (Manihot esculenta Crantz) has shown great potential for feeding ruminants. However, the management applied at harvest, such as the harvest age, can influence the fermentative characteristics and the final nutritional value of the cassava silages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fermentative characteristics and chemical composition of the aboveground part (Item 2) and root (Item 3) silage of cassava as a function of shoot and root harvest age and storage time. In article 1, two experiments were carried out, in experiment 1, the aerial part silages were evaluated and in experiment 2, the regrowth silage was evaluated. Experiment 1 was carried out in a randomized block design arranged in a 6 × 3 factorial scheme, with six harvest ages of the cassava shoot (6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 months) and three silage storage periods ( 3, 30 and 90 days after ensiling), with four replicates with 24 plots. Experiment 2 was carried out in a randomized block design arranged in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme, with five cassava shoot regrowth ages (6, 7, 8 and 9 months) and two silage storage periods (3, 30 and 90 days after ensiling), with four repetitions. At six months (exp1) and 11 months (exp2) and after planting, respectively, the aerial part cuts were started 50 cm above the ground, collecting all the plants in the plot. After opening the samples were directed to evaluate the fermentation profile, quantification of microbial populations, determination of chemical composition and aerobic stability. In article 2, the experiment was carried out in a randomized block design arranged in a 5 × 3 factorial scheme, with five cassava root harvest ages (7, 9, 10 and 11 months) and two silage storage periods (3 and 90 days after ensiling), with four repetitions. The silages were made in experimental mini silos called bags. The crop was divided into four blocks, with 16 plots. Each block represented one repetition per treatment. The plots were composed of 49 plants distributed in seven planting lines. The collected material was crushed, homogenized, sampled and ensiled in bags (500g). After opening the silos, the samples were directed to evaluate the fermentation profile, quantify the microbial populations and determine the chemical composition. Thus, it is recommended to ensil the aerial part of 6 months of age, because, despite showing slower pH drops at the beginning of the storage period, it remained stable up to 90 days. For regrowth, it is not recommended to ensil plants with the cut at 7, 8, and 9 months. As for the root, it is recommended to ensile roots from 8 months of age, when it is already at a greater physiological maturity, as they present faster pH drops, benefiting the ensiling process.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease of multifactorial cause where insulin production and/or its action may be impaired. The natural occurence of a clinical condition in dogs similar to human Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has boosted its use as an experimental model in studies of new therapeutic possibilities. The destruction of beta cells that produce insulin is the basis of T1DM and, for this reason, cell therapy with organoids differentiated into stem cell beta-like cells could ultimately represent the cure of the disease. Organoids are three-dimensional structures derived from embryonic stem cells or tissue-specific stem cell with ability to self-organization, cell differentiation and morphogenesis similar to the corresponding organ. Fragments of fresh pancreatic tissue from three dogs submitted to euthanasia at Veterinary School of Utrecht, The Netherlands, were isolated, cultivated in expansion medium and transferred to differentiation media in two experiments aiming the optimization of the medium for production of functional beta-like cells. Organoids were characterized by gene expression through quantitative chain reaction mediated by polymerase (qPCR). The results demonstrated the presence of adult stem cell with ductal cell profile in expansion medium and in vitro differentiation potential. A gradual increase in Pdx1 and Nkx6.1 (endocrine precursors) markers expression was noted, proportional to the duration of the protocol. However, endocrine mature cell markers were not detected. The addition of new components, the duration of differentiation stages and the use of a suspension cellular culture system are alternatives that can be tested in future approaches in order to obtain insulin-producing cells that can be used in cell therapy.

This work aims to contribute with the knowledge of the reproductive efficiency of female non-human primates (NHP). We analyzed the ovarian morphology, identifying the in situ location of cellular components involved in the process of apoptosis and follicular proliferation, as well as the expression of the anti-Mullerian hormone. For this, ovaries of six females of Aotus nancymaae and Sapajus macrocephalus. The samples were preserved in formaldehyde, and then in 70% alcohol; submitted to histological processing, and 5 μm thick sections were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin. Then the steps of immunohistochemical applications for Caspase-3, Bcl-2, PCNA and Anti-Müllerian Hormone were performed. The BioEstat 5.0 program was used to analyze the parameters of descriptive statistics. The morphometric and quantification data of the following were presented in Mean ± standard deviation and proliferation rates (IAP and IFP) and apoptotic (IAC and IFA) of the follicular types will be evaluated by analysis of variance ANOVA Two-way following the assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity, and the differences between the stages will be verified by the Tukey test (Software Bioestat 5.0). In order to determine the association between apoptotic and proliferative indices, linear regression analysis will be performed. In the females of Aotus nancymaae, positive immunostaining was observed for Caspase-3 in the stromal region and follicular cells of primary follicles, secondary follicles, of Graaf follicles and granulosa cells, as well as corpus luteum of females in the luteal, pregnant and follicular reproductive stages. Positive Bcl-2 immobilization was also observed in follicular cells and oocytes of primordial, primary and secondary follicles and Graaf follicles; and PCNA positive immunoblotting in nuclei and cytoplasm of oocytes from primordial and primary follicles in the female gonads of the luteal stage, in primordial follicles in pregnant females, and in primordial normal follicles and atresic follicles of females at the follicular stage. Thus, the immunostaining techniques for the Caspase-3, Bcl-2 and PCNA proteins were essential to determine the ovarian dynamics analysis, in order to provide data suggesting that follicles are in a state of atresia or development.

Buffalo production has shown high performance in recent years, especially in the Brazilian Amazon, although it presents adverse environmental conditions that influence the emergence of diseases, including eye infections. Thus, the determination of genes related to ocular innate immunity is necessary in buffalo populations. We sought to determine the expression profiles of genes related to the innate immune system in the conjunctival membrane of Amazon buffaloes and to characterize the 3’-UTR region of the Interferon gamma gene, determining its expression profile in this population. For this purpose, samples of ocular conjunctival tissue and blood were collected from buffaloes slaughtered in the State of Amapá. The animals were classified into three groups (G1, G2 and G3) according to the quantitative degree of lymphoid tissue associated with the conjunctiva by histological techniques of the conjunctival samples which were also subjected to quantification of the expression of inflammatory cytokines, toll-like receptors 4 and β-defensin-110 relative to the endogenous gene. Blood samples were subjected to conventional PCR using primers from the 3' UTR region of the Interferon gamma gene. The products were purified, sequenced and the sequences edited with corresponding ones from buffalo and mammalian species. They were aligned and compared based on genetic similarity and phylogenetic analysis. In the conjunctiva of animals from G1 there was expression only for IFNG and TLR4. While G2 there was high expression for genes IL6, IL10, IFNG, TLR4 and animals from G3 showed high expression for all genes studied. The degree of genetic similarity formed the groups of ruminants, primates, carnivores, bats, cetaceans and isolated individuals such as suiformes and rhinos. Ruminants and cetaceans have a high phylogenetic relationship while there were different evolutionary distances between buffaloes and other mammal species. Our studies served to define the innate immunological processes that occur in the conjunctival membrane of a buffalo population and to determine the evolutionary profile in relation to other mammalian species.

Trematodes of the Paramphistomidae family, having been one of the great phases, considering the cattle, there is a high prevalence of these problems in the rumen and reticulum of these hosts in adults. bovids are currently bred in several regions of the world. In America, they are present in all countries with the exception of Chile and Canada. It has great prominence for Brazil. The Marajoara region presents great conditions for adaptation, in turn, it is a rustic animal which, in turn, is a non-parasitic rustic animal that, when it can present great damage to the animal's health as well as being free from damage to the animal's health. as well as free from harm to the health of the animal as well as to the breeders. One of the few reported examples that we have in scientific papers is the Paramphistomidae family present in the rumen and reticulum of bovids. Adult forms of the parasite are generally considered asymptomatic. Such forms have as infection site the portions of the rumen and reticulum of ruminants. Conversely, the immature forms have the small intestine as their predilection site and are responsible for paramphistomosis, a disease with an inflammatory reaction that culminates in diarrhea, causing serious damages. The present paper is justified for being relevant in the identification of the helminths responsible for the afore mentioned parasitosis, considering the lack of recent taxonomic identifications of Paramphitomidae sp, as well as suggesting their control. These are, therefore, relevant actions in order to avoid drops in production, and halt the transmission of these pathogens to other animals. Thus, this work aims to investigate the occurrence of Trematoda Digenea of the Paramphistomidae family in bovine animals from northeastern Pará on Pará State. Helminth samples were obtained from slaughterhouses in some municipalities in northeastern Pará and analyzed using light microscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy and DNA extraction with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and so, the taxonomic classification of the studied helminth was checked. Based on the analysis processing results, it is possible to infer that it is a new species of helminth of the Paramphistomidae family, genus Cotylophoron.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different osmolarities of the Tris-citrate thinner plus glycerol or ethylene glycol on the freezing of epididymal sperm and to vitrify the tail of the epididymis, to recover viable sperm from domestic cats (Felis catus). Thus, the work was divided into two phases. Phase 1: Evaluate six (275, 325, 375, 425, 475 and 525mOsm) different osmolarity of the tris-citrate extender for freezing sperm from the tail of the epididymis of domestic cats, using glycerol or ethylene glycol. Phase 2: Develop a tail vitrification protocol for domestic cats epididymis for the recovery of viable sperm, using glycerol and 40% ethylene glycol associated with 0.1M sucrose, using the SSV vitrification technique. In Phase 1, among the osmolarities, the motility of 325 mOsm did not differ statistically with the epididymal fluid (control) at the three times and at 375 mOsm at T0 and T1, and both did not present statistical differences between themselves and between the times at all times. sperm parameters. The use of 4% glycerol in a diluter with 375 mOsm was superior, showing motility of 25% ± 6, vigor 4, plasma membrane integrity of 48% ± 9, with no statistical differences with cooling and in the morphology no statistical differences were found between the two osmolarities. In Phase 2, Ethylene glycol treatment had better results for all sperm motility parameters (Motility, Vigor, CASA) compared to glycerol (P ˂ 0.05). There were no statistical differences in t viability and acrosome integrity (Trypan-Blue and Giemsa) parameters, plasma membrane integrity (fluorescent dyes Hoechst and PI) or overall health of morphologically normal sperm before and after vitrification among experimental groups. The results of the present study showed that Tris-citrate with 325 and 375 mOsm between the tested osmolarities and post-freeze with 375 mOsm and glycerol 4% maintained the sperm parameters, and was successful in vitrifying the tail of the epididymis with 40% ethylene glycol associated with sucrose (0.1 M), of epididymal sperm from domestic cats.

The identification of any animal, kept legally in breeders, has an ecological and technical importance and is governed in Brazil by some Normative Instructions from IBAMA. For nonhuman primates, under this law, each specimen must be artificially identified, with tattoos, earrings or an electronic system. However, natural tags can be a great tool for creating virtual databases. In this context, in view of their phylogenetic proximity to man, the Chlorocebus aethiops, such as humans, the display a collectable datilogram to the determination of papillary pattern, indicating a possible and personal identification method. Organization of datiloscopic study within the three levels of the ACEV method (Analysis, Comparison, Evaluation and Verification). Despite the scarce literature in this regard, our findings, in the females of this species, at level I (papillary pattern), revealed as distal phalanges of C. aethiops do not show characteristic figures, however, the palmar and plantar surface form such configurations in order to characterize these patterns. Level II (minutiae), it was possible to analyze the presence of minuntiae, varied in 14 types and negatively confronted, confirming the efficiency of this individualization. The level III is for poroscopic studies that is not made in this research. The results show that data identification can be used to determine individuality using pattern characterizations, and by marking feature points, but, new and advanced studies for enhancement and refinement of this technique are necessary.

Iguana iguana (green iguana) are ectothermal animals and their thermal ecology depends on many factors mainly of heat and behavior adjustments to maintain their body temperature and perform their metabolic activities, physiology and expression of normal behavior. There are few studies describing parasites and hematological, biochemical and electrocardiographic values of reptiles. It is known that these parameters undergo changes according to sex, age, nutritional status, seasonality, and possibly others, which makes the clinical evaluation and interpretation of the results of these animals a challenge. In the Western region of the State of Pará there is little or no information on the clinical pathology, electrocardiography and hemoparasites of the green iguana, and due to this need, the objective was to perform the hematological, biochemical, hemoparasitary and electrocardiographic studies of I in the municipality of Santarém, Pará, Brazil. Twenty - eight green iguanas captured in the outbuildings of a private property were used in the city of Santarém, Pará, Brazil. Hematological, biochemical and hemoparasitary analyzes were performed with a single blood sample by jugular venipuncture in a heparin anticoagulant tube. The hemogram was performed by counting cells in the Neubauer chamber using the 0.01% Toluidine Blue method. The biochemical analyzes were performed with heparinized plasma and using the methodology of dry biochemistry, in which the evaluations of ALT, AST, Alkaline Phosphatase, GGT, Urea, Creatinine, Uric Acid, Calcium, Phosphorus, Total Cholesterol and Fractions were performed. Hematological and biochemical values were compared in relation to seasonality in two extremes, Amazonian summer and winter. Hemoparasites were investigated in hematological dye stained blood samples and then analyzed under a light microscope with a magnification of 1000x. The hematological alterations caused by these hemoparasites were also evaluated. The electrocardiographic parameters were determined by placing the electrodes in the patient's chest near the anterior limbs. The heart rate, mean electric axis, P wave amplitude and duration, QRS amplitude and duration, P-R interval, Q-T interval, S-T segment and T wave were evaluated.

Brazil has the largest number of animal species on the planet, housing between 10% to 20% of the species known worldwide. Considering avifauna, 1,919 species are reported, of which 91 are birds of prey. Digestive tract parasites are frequently detected in these birds, however, despite this, the knowledge of helminth fauna in birds of prey in Brazil is still incipient. In the last three decades, few works have been published on the subject in Brazilian territory and when considering the State of Pará, scientific production is even smaller. Therefore, the aim of this work is to investigate the gastrointestinal helminth fauna of birds of prey that occur in the state of Pará, Brazil. Thirty-four carcasses of fourteen species were used: Megascops choliba (n = 10), Rupornis magnirostris (n = 8), Tyto furcata (n = 5), Megascops usta (n = 1), Athene cunicularia (n = 1), Ibycter americanus (n = 1), Asio clamator (n = 1), Geranoaetus albicaudatus (n = 1), Caracara plancus (n = 1), Gampsonyx swainsonii (n = 1), Buteogallus schistaceus (n = 1), Micrastur ruficollis (n = 1), Falco rufigularis (n = 1) and Elanoides forficatus (n = 1). There was 73.5% (n = 20) of parasitism in the analyzed carcasses. The gastrointestinal helminth fauna in the researched animals presented a great richness of species, totaling 12 taxa: the nematodes Porrocaecum angusticolle in C. plancus, Subulura forcipata and Dispharynx sp. in M. choliba, Microtetrameres sp. in R. magnirostris and Procyrnea sp. in B. schistaceus; the trematodes Platynosomum illiciens in M. choliba, T. furcata and G. swainsonii, Athesmia sp. in G. albicaudatus and Strigea sp. in R. magnirostris; and the acanthocephalans Centrorhynchus kuntzi in R. magnirostris, Centrorhynchus millerae in E. furficatus, Centrorhynchus guira and Centrorhynchus sp. in M. choliba. No cestodes were found. The carcasses of M. usta, A. clamator, A. cunicularia, I. americanus, M. ruficollis and F. rufigularis did not show gastrointestinal helminths. C. guira and P. angusticolle represent new occurrences in the Brazilian territory and in the State of Pará, extending their geographic reach. New hosts are considered: M. choliba for C. guira; E. forficatus for C. millerae; B. schistaceus for Procyrnea sp .; C. plancus for P. angusticolle; G. albicaudatus for Athesmia sp .; and M. choliba and G. swainsonii for P. illiciens. The results of this research reinforce the need for further research in the field of parasitology of birds of prey in Brazil and in the State of Pará.

The objective was to evaluate the chemical composition, production yield and economic viability of Minas Frescal cheese produced with buffalo milk supplemented with açaí seed to replace cornmeal in the rainy season and palm oil cake to replace conventional concentrated ingredients during the dry season. The experiments used Murrah crossbred buffalo cows, kept under Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombasa grazing in a 5 × 5 Latin square. The treatments for the evaluation of açaí kernel in the diet consisted of four concentrated supplements, in which the cornmeal was replaced by the açaí kernel at levels 0, 33, 66 and 100 % of substitution. For the palm oil cake, four diets were evaluated, characterized by substitutions of concentrate at 0, 31.3, 62.5, and 93.8%. In both surveys, a fifth treatment was used, in which the animals received only supplementation with mineral salt. There was no effect of replacing up to 100% cornmeal with açaí seed in the buffalo diet on moisture, fat, protein, ash, total dry extract, defatted dry extract and fat in the total dry extract of the cheese produced (P> 0 , 05). There was no difference in the parameters mentioned, when comparing animals supplemented with concentrate and only with mineral supplementation (P> 0.05) in both experiments. The adjusted cheese yield followed a quadratic pattern characterized by a maximum when the replacement level was 33% (P <0.05). As a result, the profitability index was the highest at this replacement level (P <0.05). Regarding the use of palm oil pie, there was no influence of the level of inclusion of palm oil cake on most of the proximate components and the percentage of recovery of fat and milk protein in cheese. Only the content of total dry extract (EST) and moisture were affected. There was a quadratic effect (P <0.05) of commercial income and individual economic income. The commercial yield expressed in kg of cheese / animal / day showed higher production in the treatment without the inclusion of palm oil cake to the supplement. In conclusion about the research, the replacement of cornmeal by açaí seed at the level of 33% in the supplement of buffaloes under grazing regime improved the individual productivity of Minas Frescal cheese without changing its chemical composition. All diets were economically viable, but the diet containing cornmeal replaced by 33% açaí seed was the best. In the use of palm oil pie it was found that the use of concentrated supplement without the inclusion of palm oil cake is the most attractive, followed by the use of concentrated supplement with 90.62% palm oil pie and production without concentrated supplementation .

The quality of the meat can be influenced by several factors, among them the pre-slaughter management. The transport of animals is an inevitable step and is a source of stress for animals, and may have consequences on the quality of the meat. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different times of pre-slaughter road transport on the carcass quality and meat acceptability of uncastrated male bovines. Fifteen farms were selected according to the estimated time of trip to the frigorifico, and three animals from each farm, totaling forty five animals for the study. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with three treatments and fifteen replicates per treatment, distributed as follows: 1 - short road transport time: up to 2 hours; average road transport time: 2 to 4 hours; Long road transport time: 4 to 6 hours. The transportation time was obtained by the difference between the time of shipment on the farm and the time of the arrival in the refrigerator. The animals were slaughtered, and for the qualitative evaluations of the meat a sample of the Longissimus dorsi muscle was taken between the 12th and 13th ribs. No effect of the transport time on Ph0h, pH24h, carcass temperature, warm carcass weight and subcutaneous fat thickness (p> 0.05) was observed, likewise no difference was observed in the pH decline between the time after of slaughter up to 24 hours post mortem (P = 0.0973). Road transport time did not influence any meat quality characteristics. There was a mean linear correlation between the final carcass temperature and the distance traveled (P = 0.0175), where as the distance traveled increased the carcass temperature was increased. For the attributes flavor and softness the panelists assigned a higher score for the animals of the medium duration transport treatment. It is concluded that up to 6 hours of pre-slaughter road transport time does not affect qualitative characteristics of the meat.

Bradypus variegatus is a peculiar mammal with wide distribution throughout Brazil, which facilitates its application as a biological model for several studies, including anatomical studies. Defining the morphological aspects is fundamental for the study of evolutionary development and provide baseline for clinical and surgical approaches. The aim of this study was to describe the origin, composition, derived nerves and territory of innervation of the brachial plexus in B. variegatus. Bilateral dissection of the thoracic and spinal cord was performed in 5 formaldehyde 10% adult specimens from the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. The brachial plexus originated from the branches of cervical spinal nerves C6, C7, C8, C9 and C10 and from the thoracic T1 and T2, with grouping of the segments into three trunks: cranial trunk, formed by C6-C8 segments, medium trunk, formed by C9 and the caudal trunk, formed by segments of C10 - T2. These trunks joined together and formed the common trunk that emitted two fascicules: dorsal fasciculus and ventral fasciculus. The main nerves that composed the brachial plexus were the suprascapular, axillary, radial, medial musculocutaneous, cutaneus antebrachii medialis, ulnar, thoracodorsal, long thoracic and subscapular nerves. The long thoracic and suprascapular nerves originated exclusively from the cranial trunk, the thoracodorsal nerve originated in the middle trunk and the other nerves derived from the common trunk. From the dorsal fasciculus the radial and axillary nerves and the ventral fasciculus originated the median musculocutaneous, ulnar and cutaneus antebrachii medialis.

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The classification of Saguinos as a new book evidences a lack of data in the literature on the anatomical and physiological specificities of the species, as well as their vulnerability situation caused by the degradation of their native area. The aim of this study was to determine the ultrasonographic parameters of normal pelvic-abdominal structures and organs of the species. Nine first targets were made at the National Primate Center (CENP), with the help of three female reproductive organs that were evaluated every 48 hours for 60 days. to follow the follicular dynamics. Topography and morphology were included along with the biometrics of the abdominal and pelvic organs. The bladder is seated dorsi-ventrally with hyperechoic walls well delimited and anechoic content; light kidneys in retroperitoneal region, more cranial and oval right and triangular left kidney; left cranial spleen, fusiform and hypoechoic; stomach caudal to the liver and medial to the spleen, with five decreases; cranial liver to the stomach and caudal to the diaphragm within the costal gradient border, sharp edges, coarse ecotexture, from hypoechoic to isoechoic in relation to the cortex of the right kidney; gallbladder positioned in the xiphoid region, rounded, may be bilobated or not, well defined hyperechoic walls and anechoic content; medial duodenum located on the right kidney, only three of the five layers (face of the mucosa, mucosa and submucosa) were visualized; The region with pelvic, pyriform-shaped and three well-defined chains (myometrium, endometrium and lumen); ovaries to the uterus, ellipsoids, homogeneous to heterogeneous ecotexture, hypoechoic with or without follicles, with the following formatted format, well delimited walls and anechoic content; testicles in the scrotal search, finely coarse ecotexture and increased echogenicity, the mediastinum line was visualized in an animal. The species S. ursulus has demonstrated an ultrasound anatomy similar to other neotropical primates, but a description of pelvic-abdominal structures in the species is unpublished and may support post-conservation studies and veterinary medical care.

Tamandua tetradactyla is a medium-sized mammal, found in several biomes of South America, which has literary incursions, mainly related to general management and behavior, however, little is known about issues related to medical clinic, surgery and imaging. In view of the above, in order to determine pelvimetric values that allow the selection of captive-bred animals with better pelvic characteristics for reproduction, up to the present moment radiographic images of the pelvis were evaluated in ventrodorsal and right lateral-lateral views, of five corpses, being two males and three females, young and adults; and a live male specimen, aiming to discover the viability of this technique. The following measurements were made: bi-iliac upper diameter (BIUD), bi-iliac lower diameter (BILD), bi-iliac middle diameter (BIMD), right diagonal diameter (RDD), left diagonal diameter (LDD), true conjugate diameter (TCD), diagonal conjugate diameter (DCD), vertical diameter (VD), sacral diameter (SD) and sagittal diameter (SGD), in addition to the pelvic inlet area (PIA) and pelvic outlet area (POA), previously resulting in similar values among the evaluated animals. Thus, despite the need of further studies on the subject, the results were positive regarding the use of radiographic pelvimetry in T. tetradactyla.

Spinal cord injury is considered one of the main causes of immobility in dogs and cats, occurring mainly due to accidents, and appears as one of the most serious and debilitating pathological conditions of the animal. The search for treatments that minimize the neurological damages that occur and stimulate the recovery of the affected patient are a constant. The results obtained with the used drugs have been divergent, favoring the research with other therapies such as the fibrin-rich plasma, which has been applied in the repair of several tissues, allowing a better cicatrization. Tramadol hydrochloride is an analgesic widely used in musculoskeletal and neurological lesions, conferring a multimodal analgesia, besides being more secure in relation to other opioids. Tramadol has recently been described as an antidematogenic action, suggesting the possibility of its beneficial action on the spinal cord injury. The objective of this project was to analyze the therapeutic potential using fibrin-rich plasma and its association with tramadol hydrochloride in the acute phase of bone marrow injury in adult rats. Twenty - three male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: GCo - control, GMF - fibrin matrix, GMFTr - tramadol - associated fibrin matrix, GTr - tramadol. The animals were submitted to hemisection of the spinal cord at the T8 level and treated according to the proposed group, being evaluated 24 hours, 3, 7 and 14 days after the injury, and applied the Grimace and BBB scales for pain and functional evaluation respectively. The results showed functional improvement when the 24-hour and 14-day postoperative days were compared. However, no difference was found between the groups regarding motor function. There was an intense negative correlation between the results of the BBB scale and the Grimace Scale in the GCo and a large negative correlation in the tramadol group. In the histopathological study the GTr showed better tissue preservation, followed by the GMFTr group in comparison to the others. There was no improvement in the functional evaluation of the animals with the use of the fibrin matrix or its association with tramadol, however the use of the analgesic considerably reduced the pain levels of the animals. In the histopathological study it was identified that GTr and GMFTr presented better tissue preservation.

 Several researchers believe that some diseases that occur naturally in companion animals may better reflect the genetic, environmental and physiological variations present in the human population. Aiming to converge parallel advances, the recognition of dogs and cats as translational preclinical models in regenerative medicine studies, would lead to more consistent advances in scientific research veterinary medicine, lags behind that human medicine in knowledge and technology. Due to the similarities of neurological changes of leukoencephalitis by distemper virus with a multiple sclerosis in humans, the distemper in dogs in the neurological phase was represented by one of the few spontaneous diseases for the study of the pathogenesis of myelin loss, associated with immune-mediated diseases. Several studies have suggested the use of mesenchymal stem cells as a treatment option for demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we investigated the use of adipose-tissue-derived stem cells in four dogs with neurological lesions caused by the distemper virus. After three infusions of 1x10⁷ cells by the intraarterial route, the animals did not demonstrate significant changes in their locomotive abilities. However, the intense myoclonus in three animals was reduced to a moderate level. At one year after the cell therapy, all four dogs started to move independently. In two animals, the myoclonic severity had become mild. It was concluded that the use of mesenchymal stem cells showed safety in repetitive applications, no adverse effects in the short term, and improve the quality of life of dogs with neurological sequelae caused by demyelinating leukoencephalitis. In view of the results found, the all consulted literature, and the historical of commercialization of stem cells in Brazilian Veterinary Medicine, we consider necessary to review the trials published with stem cells derived from adipose tissue in diseases of companion animals with spontaneous occurrence, discussing the scientific challenges of research  in veterinary regenerative medicine, and the scientific basis, still unclear, for the current cellular trade, not controlled by regulatory agencies.

Swine is the main source of animal protein in the world and Brazil stands out as a world producer and exporter of pork products. However, in the northern region, pig farming is characterized as a complementary source of income, and with little attention to hygienic-sanitary care, which favors those of enteric bacterial infections that have a major impact on the pig industry worldwide, including Some agents pose a risk to public health. One of the most widely adopted strategies to prevent and control enteric infections has been antimicrobial therapy. However, the lack of criteria for the proper and safe use of antimicrobials may result in selection of resistant bacteria. In the Amazonian ecosystem, little is known about the occurrence of enterobacteria in slaughter pigs. Thus, the objective was to investigate the occurrence of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. in pigs raised in the State of Pará, in addition to verifying the antimicrobial resistance profile of pathogenic strains, and thus providing data that can be used to better direct control measures. 200 swine fecal samples were collected from swine from farms located in the State of Pará and processed at the Enterobacterial Laboratory of Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, PA. For isolation of E. coli, samples were sown in Escherichia coli broth and Gram negative (GN) broth, incubated and then seeded on MacConkey Agar. Suspected colonies were identified in TSI (Triplice Sugar Sugar) for further biochemical characterization. The characterization of the pathotype was performed from amplification by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Multiplex technique. For isolation of Salmonella sp., Samples were inoculated into the Selenite Cystine and Rappaport enrichment broths and, after incubation, were seeded in the selective culture media SS indicators and on Xylose-Lysine-Descarboxylate (XLD) agar. Suspicious colonies were identified on TSI for later biochemical identification and confirmed by PCR. The susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of the isolates was evaluated using the automated VITEK® 2 Compact system (bioMérieux). Data were tabulated and evaluated using statistical software Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2001), using the chi-square statistical test (χ2) with a significance level of 5%. To determine the risk factors, the results of the records were tabulated and the odds ratios test used for each investigated variable, calculated considering as dependent variable the animal status (positive or negative) for the pathogenic bacterium. Of the 200 animals, 39.5% (79/200) presented pathogenic isolates. Of these, 22% of the animals with enteropathogenic (44/200) E. coli, 11% (22/200) enterohemorrhagic E. coli, and 10.5% (21/200) enteroinvasive E. coli were diagnosed by PCR. 3% (6/200) with Salmonella sp. Resistant samples were found for Nalidixic Acid, Sulfamethoxazole, Ampicillin, Amikacin, Gentamycin, Ceftriaxone, Cephalothin, Beta-lactams.

The objective of this study was to describe the anatomical structure and accidents of the thoracic limbs of the brown-throated sloth, Bradypus variegatus, and the long bones of the lesser anteater, Tamandua tetradactyla, by means of macroscopic and radiographic analyzes. The brown-throated sloth demonstrated a simpler bone structure, with few anatomical accidents, while lesser anteater presented some anatomical accidents similar to those described in other mammalian species, however, both also presented anatomical particularities, without previous description of them that were not previously described. The macroscopic and radiographic analysis revealed the same anatomical accidents, considering that the radiographic evaluations were performed in at least two orthogonal projections. Thus, from these results, the great anatomical variation of these species, in relation to other mammals, reveals that knowledge of their particularities is fundamental, especially in determining safer clinical and surgical procedures.

A displasia coxofemoral é uma doença caracterizada pelo desenvolvimento anormal da articulação do quadril, muito comum em cães de médio porte, tendo como consequência a degeneração articular. O tratamento da doença inclui uma variedade de opções terapêuticas, entretanto, nenhuma é considerada ideal para a melhora definitiva do paciente. Devido ao potencial para diferenciação, capacidade de autorrenovação e elevada plasticidade, as células-tronco mesenquimais (CTMs) vem sendo consideradas como uma opção de tratamento na reparação de lesões de cartilagem. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a melhora clínica de cães diagnosticados com displasia coxofemoral e submetidos à infusão intra-articular de células-tronco mesenquimais, autólogas, derivadas de tecido adiposo. Foram utilizados quatro cães adultos, diagnosticados por meio de radiografia bilateral. Após colheita de tecido adiposo de cada paciente, as células-tronco mesenquimais foram isoladas por digestão enzimática, cultivadas e expandidas, testada viabilidade, analisada a morfologia, diferenciação, imunofenotipagem e estabilidade cromossômica. As CTMs foram infundidas no espaço intra-articular da articulação coxofemoral, na quantidade de 1x10⁶ células, com intervalo de aproximadamente 18 dias entre as infusões, num total de 2 infusões. Todos os animais submetidos as infusões de células-tronco intra-articular apresentaram melhora quando as características clínicas da doença. No entanto, não foram observadas modificações nos padrões radiográficos e ultrassonográficos dos animais avaliados.

O gênero Bartonella é composto por bacilos gram-negativos que apresentam tropismo por eritrócitos e células endoteliais. Descritas em ordens: Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Eulipotyphla e Chiroptera. Em seres humanos, 13 espécies zoonóticas, estando associadas a distúrbios, como: doença da arranhadura do gato, linfadenite, febre, endocardite, angiomatose bacilar e peliose hepática. O ciclo deste microorganismo permanece indeterminado. Deste modo, estudos relacionados à avaliação de microbiota de fígado apresentam crescente importância dentro da hepatologia. E à escassez de pesquisas sobre o tema e a exponencial relevância da Bartonella como causador de enfermidades vem estimulando avaliações moleculares desta infecção em reservatórios em quirópteros. Assim, objetivou analisar em morcegos a ocorrência de Bartonela spp., a fim de que pudesse melhor caracteriza-la em sua distribuição geográfica, variabilidade genética e em seus hospedeiros. Assim, até o presente momento, foram analisadas 116 amostras de fígados de quirópteros do Estado de São Paulo dos 374 mamíferos, com a extração de DNA total realizada com a utilização de kit comercial. Os ensaios de PCR foram desenvolvidos para amplificação parcial do gene gltA do gênero Bartonella spp (350 bp). Os amplicons das amostras positivas foram purificados e sequenciados nos sentidos forward e reverse, as sequências consenso foram obtidas no software BioEdit (v7.2.6) e submetidas na plataforma BLAST. Em seguida, alinhadas com um banco de dados contendo sequências representativas das 45 espécies do gênero disponíveis no banco de dados do Genbank. Para análise filogenética, empregou-se o método de Maximum-Likelihood e o modelo Kimura 2-parâmetros no software MEGA v7.0, para identificação taxonômica dos isolados. A distância nucleotídica e de aminoácidos foi calculada utilizando-se o software Geneious v8.1.3. Para resultados parciais foi encontrado 5 amostras positivas para Bartonella spp. Nas seguintes espécies de morcegos: Platyrrhinus lineatus (n=1), Glossophaga soricina (n=2) e Sturnira lilium (n=1). Ainda falta realizar a análise das amostras sequenciadas, assim como, a extração dos demais fígados.

Objetivou-se determinar as exigências de energia e proteína para mantença e ganho em peso de ovinos Santa Inês cruzados em crescimento, adicionalmente, estimar o peso em jejum e o peso do corpo vazio dos animais em função do seu peso corporal alimentado. Foram utilizados dados de três experimentos de abate comparativo com ovinos machos, castrados, mestiços Santa Inês (n=150). O banco de dados possuía informações qualitativas: raça, sexo, status de castração, tratamento; e quantitativas: dias de confinamento, média de consumo de energia metabolizável (CEM) e nitrogênio, peso do corpo vazio (PCVZ) inicial e final, conteúdo do extrato etéreo (EE) e proteína bruta (PB) do PCVZ para cada animal. O banco de dados proporcionou variação no CEM, peso corporal (PC) e ganho médio diário em peso (GMD) permitindo o desenvolvimento de equações de regressão para predizer as exigências de energia e proteína metabolizável para mantença (EM_m e PM_m, respectivamente) e para crescimento. O ajuste de um modelo linear sem intercepto (AIC = -62,3) foi melhor para descrever a relação entre peso PC e peso do corpo em jejum (PCJ) em comparação aos modelos linear (AIC = -60,3) com intercepto e não linear (AIC = -60,3). A relação entre PCJ e PCVZ foi melhor descrita por um modelo não linear (AIC =12,5). A exigência de energia líquida de mantença (EL_m) foi 70,44 kcal/kg PCVZ^0,75/dia ou 59,37 kcal/kg PCJ^0,75/dia. O valor correspondente à EM_m foi 109,34 kcal/kg PCVZ^0,75/dia, com eficiência de utilização da energia metabolizável para mantença (k_m) de 0,64. Para o cálculo de energia líquida de ganho (EL_g) o modelo ajustado baseou-se na relação da energia retida em função do PCVZ e do ganho de peso de corpo vazio desejado. A eficiência de utilização de energia metabolizável para ganho (k_g) foi 0,41. Para PM_m estimou-se o valor de 2,60 g/kg PCVZ^0,75/dia. A equação geral que estimou a proteína retida (PR) foi: PR=18,179xGPCVZ-0,005xER, sendo a eficiência de utilização da proteína metabolizável para ganho (k) variável conforme o peso. O valor de PM_m foi próximo ao recomendado pelo AFRC (1993) e de EM_m similar ao NRC (2007). As exigências líquidas por quilograma de ganho de peso de proteína diminuem e as de energia aumentam, com o aumento do peso corporal. As recomendações totais de energia e proteína metabolizável são inferiores ao indicado pelos comitês internacionais.

The oral cavity is place of 6% of all tumors in dogs, being the fifth most important localization of neoplasms in this specie. Melanoma is a type of cancer that originates from melanocytes and its establishment involves several stages, until the formation of an invasive and metastatic tumor. The exact molecular mechanisms of the dysregulation in melanoma are yet unknown. Many studies have advanced our knowledge towards understanding the multiple roles of CD146 in biology and pathology and have pointed to the significance of CD146 as a potential diagnostic marker for certain lesions including melanomas. In the present study, we used different kinds of serum starved cells to analyze CD146 protein-expression in oral canine melanoma, expecting that antibodies to CD146 inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. Through the analysis of cellular life cycle of melanoma, it could be possible to evaluate the best time point to use CD146 in dogs to prevent possible metastasis.

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, investigar se as medidas de VIA, usando imagens de carcaças resfriadas, fornecem uma descrição consistente sobre a caracterização tecidual da carcaça e dos cortes comerciais e qualidade da carne. Foram utilizadas informações de 67 carcaças de cordeiros machos castrados que foram pesadas para obtenção do peso da carcaça fria (PCF), a partir do qual se calculou o rendimento de carcaça fria (RCF). Para obtenção das imagens foi utilizada uma câmera digital e o processamento das imagens foi realizado via o software ImageJ 1.05i. Foram formados três grupos de variáveis denominados de SHAPE_VIA, TISSUE_CARCASS, TISSUE_ PRIMALCUTS e QUALI_MEAT, os quais representaram as avaliações feitas na imagem, os parâmetros quantitativos da carcaça, os rendimentos comerciais dos cortes e as características qualitativas da carne respectivamente. Utilizou-se a análise de correlação canônica regularizada generalizada (RGCCA- Regularized Generalized Canonical Correlation Analysis), quadrados mínimos parciais- modelagem de caminho (PLS-PM- Parcial Last Square – Path Model) e análise de agrupamento latente (Latent class cluster analysis), para a verificação de relação entre as variáveis dos grupos e entre os grupos. A análise de PLS-PM mostrou que TISSUE_CARCASS e TISSUE_PRIMAL CUTS estavam significativamente relacionadas a SHAPE_VIA, entretanto QUALI MEAT não apresentou relação com características do SHAPE_VIA. O cluster 1 foi composto pelas carcaças com maiores escores para o SHAPE_VIA, TISSE_CARCASS, TISSUE_PRIMAL CUTS e menores para QUALI_MEAT. As medidas de VIA forneceram uma descrição eficiente da caracterização tecidual da carcaça e dos cortes comerciais, mas não conseguiu caracterizar com eficiência o tecidual da carne.

Foram realizados simultaneamente dois experimentos, no primeiro objetivou-se avaliar a morfometria de pelotas alimentares produzidas por aves de rapina da família Accipitridae alimentadas com três fontes proteicas e, no segundo, objetivou-se determinar e comparar os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade aparente dos nutrientes da dieta fornecidas para as essas aves sob as mesmas condições. O grupo experimental foi composto por cinco aves adultas de espécies representantes da família Accipitridae. Os animais foram submetidos a três tratamentos o primeiro (T1) composto por uma dieta com peito de frango, o tratamento 2 (T2) codornas e o tratamento 3 (T3) camundongos. As pelotas foram analisadas em relação ao comprimento (cm), largura (cm), altura (cm) e peso (g) e também sob aspectos do intervalo entre consumo e o regurgito (ICR) nas diferentes dietas. No experimento 1, foram testadas as pressuposições de normalidade dos erros pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk, os resultados submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e as médias analisadas ao nível de 5% de significância pelo teste de Tukey (paramétrico) e Wilcoxon (não paramétrico). No segundo experimento, a dieta, excretas e pelotas foram analisadas quanto a concentração de matéria seca (MS), matéria mineral (MM), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), energia bruta (EB), além da energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo nitrogênio (EMAn). Com base nos dados de consumo e excreção obteve-se os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade aparente (CMA) dos nutrientes supracitados e da energia, sendo os dados submetidos à análise de variância (PROC GLM) e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Não houve regurgito de pelotas para dieta com peito de frango. Foram coletadas 36 pelotas sendo o maior quantitativo para a dieta com camundongos (79%), que também apresentou as pelotas mais íntegras e com peso médio (2,59 g) significativamente superior ao encontrado na dieta com codornas (1,09 g). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P>0,05) para largura e a altura das pelotas entre os tratamentos. No entanto o peso, comprimento, volume e relação comprimento/largura foram maiores (P<0,05) quando as aves consumiram camundongos. O coeficiente de metabolizabilidade para as variáveis matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo assim como para energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e corrigida (EMAn) não diferiram (p-valor >0,05) entre as dietas peito de frango e codorna. Para a dieta com camundongo houve diminuição significativa nos CMA dos nutrientes e de energia metabolizável. Não houve correlação (p-valor>0,05) entre os CMA dos nutrientes e o peso das aves. O peito de frango não é considerado um alimento completo para rapinantes e é fornecido ocasionalmente para complementar a dieta, além de apresentar o menor teor de matéria mineral entre as dietas fornecidas (4,6%), fato que pode causar deficiência de cálcio e outros minerais, comprometendo a saúde e a manutenção de rapinantes em cativeiro. Com relação a dieta com camundongos, apesar de muito utilizada para rapinantes, uma parte considerável é perdida pelas aves no processo de regurgito. Dessa forma, sob as condições deste estudo, recomenda-se a utilização de codornas como fontes proteicas para aves de rapina por apresentar os melhores níveis nutricionais.

As espécies do gênero Bradypus são relatadas como hospedeiros de diverso parasitos, porém poucos estudos taxonômicos, ecológicos e biogeográficos dessa nematofauna foram realizados. Este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar a nematofauna gastrointestinais de Bradypus variegatus oriundos do Jardim Botânico Bosque Rodrigues Alves, Belém, Pará, Brasil. Foram analisados 7 exemplares doados mortos ao Laboratório de Pesquisa Morfológica Animal/ISPA/UFRA, sendo o aparelho gastrointestinal retirado e fixados em Formol, e analisados para procura de nematódeos no Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia Animal-LHEA/ISPA/UFRA, com o auxilio de microscópio estereoscópico (LEICA ES2). Os nematódeos encontrados foram separados em placas de Petri contendo solução fisiológica de cloreto de sódio a 0,9% e fixados em AFA (2% de ácido acético glacial, 3% de formol a 37% e 95% de álcool etílico a 70%), clarificação em lactofenol de Amann e observados em microscópio (Leica DM 2500) para identificação taxonômica e análise morfométrica. Alguns exemplares, fixados na mesma solução foram separados para microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Dos 7 exemplares analisados, 71,42% (5/7) apresentavam-se parasitados por nematódeos, morfologicamente pertencentes a Superfamília Spiruroidea, Família Spirocercidae e as análises morfológicas revelaram a presença de dois gêneros distintos, Leiuris parasitando o intestino delgado, onde identificou-se a prevalência de 28,86% para a espécie L. leptocephalus e Paraleuiris parasitando o estômago, sendo que este ultimo gênero apresentou duas espécies com prevalência de 71,42% e 42,85% para P. locchii e P. vazi, respectivamente. Após análise em literatura, verificou-se que este é o primeiro relato de Paraleiuris vazi para Bradypus variegatus, e o primeiro relato da espécie Paraleiuris lochhi encontrada no Estado do Pará.  

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Este estudo foi desenvolvido em três etapas distintas: inicialmente, (1) avaliou-se a influência da somatotropina recombinante bovina (rbST) sobre a produção e constituintes do leite de búfalas entre 63 -154 dias de lactação; na segunda etapa, ainda em execução, (2) objetivou-se quantificar os efeitos das aplicações de rbST sobre a produção de leite, o ganho de peso e o metabolismo energético e mineral durante a lactação de búfalas; por fim, (3) buscou-se comparar os parâmetros físico-químicos do leite de búfalas obtidos através dos métodos de infravermelho-PO ANA 009 ou analisador ultrassônico de leite (EKOMILK total^®, Eon Trading LLC, Bulgária) e estabelecer quais constituintes de leite de búfalas podem ser determinados pelo método de ultrassom. Foram utilizadas 22 búfalas adultas da raça Murrah (Bubalus bubalis). Todas as búfalas eram multíparas, com média de 66±1,74 dias em lactação (DEL) e 6,97 ± 1,55 litros de leite por dia. Os animais foram mantidos em sistema de pastejo rotacionado, recebendo água, sal mineral ad libitum e 1 Kg de ração/animal/dia. As búfalas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais: 11 búfalas que receberam a aplicação de 500 mg de somatotrotopina bovina recombinante (Grupo rbST; 2 mL de Boostin– MSD Saúde Animal) a cada 14 dias, por via subcutânea; e 11 búfalas que não receberam aplicação de rbST (Grupo Controle). Semanalmente foi realizado o controle da produção de leite e a coleta das amostras de sangue. A utilização de 500 mg de rbST administrados quinzenalmente, entre 63 e 154 dias em lactação, não alterou a produção de leite, a proporção dos constituintes e a CCS do leite de búfalas leiteiras. Também não foi observado efeitos da rbST sobre o perfil metabólico (energético, proteico e mineral) das búfalas em lactação.   Os resultados obtidos por meio de analisador ultrassônico de leite foram diferentes daqueles feitos por infravermelho-PO ANA 009, porém apresentaram correlação positiva alta para gordura (r = 0,84), podendo, portanto, ser utilizado para determinação de gordura. 

A Dermatite atópica canina (DAC) é uma doença inflamatória e pruriginosa da pele cães com características clinicas associadas aos anticorpos de imunoglobulinas E (IgE) mais comumente direcionada a alérgenos ambientais. A piodermite pode ser definida como uma condição infecciosa, produtora de pus (ou piogênica), de causa bacteriana que acomete a pele. Staphylococcus sp é a bacteria mais frequentemente envolvida nessas infecções em cães. Foram selecionados 25 cães de varias raças, idade e sem predileção sexual. Todos foram diagnosticados clinicamente como portadores de DAC e com piodermite de repetição. Material purulento foi coletado pra cultivo em meio Agar sangue e Agar Mackonkey para através de características microbiológicas fazer o isolamento de Staphylococcus sp e posterior realização de PCR e qPCR para detecção do gene mecA, e finalmente confirmando com o sequenciamento genético das amostras positivas. Nove (36%) amostras foram positivas em uma ou ambas as técnicas de PCR. Como primeira pesquisa acerca do tema realizada na região e com o resultado bastante representativo, concluímos que a detecção do gene nesses micro-organismos isolados de cães com uma doença dermatológica cada vez mais comum como a DAC, nos faça refletir sobre uma melhor abordagem terapêutica, visando uma melhor qualidade da saúde humana e animal.

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Objetivou-se com este trabalho a determinação dos acessos cirúrgicos para osteossíntese as diáfises do úmero, do rádio e da ulna da preguiça comum, utilizando-se as técnicas de dissecção, injeção de látex Neoprene, maceração de cadáveres e estudo radiográfico. Para o presente estudo foram utilizados 6 espécimes de preguiça-comum (Bradypus variegatus, Schinz, 1825), que vierem a óbito por causas naturais, provenientes do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi localizado em Belém – PA, e doados ao Laboratório de Pesquisa Morfológica Animal (LaPMA), da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA. Após a realização das radiografias, em três animais foram feitas a dissecção da artéria carótida comum, e injeção de látex Neoprene corado em vermelho. Posteriormente estes animais foram fixados com o uso de solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. Um animal foi submetido ao processo de maceração, e o outro foi realizado dissecção in natura. Os membros foram dissecados, para identificação dos músculos, vasos e nervos. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados e comparados para determinação de acessos cirúrgicos adequados, e melhor área óssea para fixação dos implantes internos. A demonstração dos acessos e fixação dos implantes foram feitas em um animal in natura. O acesso cirúrgico para a diáfise Umeral é realizado por abordagem lateral, realizando-se incisão na fáscia muscular e separação do músculo braquiocefálico cranialmente, e do músculo tríceps braquial caudalmente, em região médio distal foi observado superficialmente o nervo radial. Já o acesso cirúrgico para a diáfise do rádio é realizado por abordagem crânio-lateral, realizando-se incisão da fáscia muscular e separação do músculo extensor digital comum cranialmente, e extensor digital lateral caudalmente, em abordagens distais separar cranialmente o músculo extensor obliquo do carpo. Na ulna realiza-se incisão lateral ao osso e separação do músculo extensor ulnar, para colocação de implante interno na face óssea lateral.

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar níveis crescentes de substituição do milho pelo caroço de açaí na suplementação de búfalas em lactação em regime de pastejo. O experimento foi realizado nas instalações da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – Campus de Parauapebas e do Sítio Açaízal. Utilizou-se cinco tratamentos, sendo que quatro receberam suplementação concentrada e um recebeu somente suplementação mineral. Os tratamentos com suplementação concentrada consistiram em quatro níveis de caroço de açaí no suplemento, em substituição ao milho fubá (com base na matéria seca), sendo: 0; 33; 66 e 100%. Todos os animais recebendo seus respectivos tratamentos foram mantidos em regime de pastejo. A área destinada ao pastejo em capim Panicum Maximum cv. Mombaça foi constituída de 30 piquetes (2.625 m² cada), manejados em sistema de lotação intermitente. Utilizou-se delineados em quadrado latino 5x5. O experimento foi constituído de cinco tratamentos e cinco períodos com duração de 11 dias cada, sendo os sete primeiros dias de adaptação e os demais para avaliação do consumo e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, da produção de leite e sua composição. O consumo de matéria seca total, de pasto, de suplemento e de nutrientes não foram afetados pelos níveis de substituição do milho pelo caroço de açaí (P>0,05). O coeficiente de digestibilidade para as variáveis matéria seca, matéria orgânica e nutrientes digestíveis totais se ajustaram ao modelo de regressão linear (P<0,05), com redução conforme a substituição do milho pelo caroço de açaí. Já o coeficiente de digestibilidade da proteína bruta e da fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro ajustaram-se ao modelo quadrático (P<0,05). As variáveis produção de leite, produção de leite corrigido, teor de gordura, proteína e estrato seco total (EST) ajustaram-se ao modelo quadrático de regressão (P<0,05). Os valores de produção de leite e produção corrigida para gordura apresentaram um aumento até o nível de 66% e decrescendo para o nível de 100% de substituição. Os teores de gordura e EST (P>0,05) sofreram queda aos níveis intermediários de substituição (33 e 66%), seguidos de aumentos da ordem de 9,5 e 3,4% respectivamente em seus teores quando utilizado o maior nível. O teor de proteína do leite apresentou redução no teor até o nível de 30% com posterior aumento os níveis seguintes (P>0,05). O caroço de açaí pode substituir o milho do suplemento de vacas búfalas em lactação consumindo 3 kg de suplemento/animal/dia, no período chuvoso sem trazer nenhum prejuízo

A seleção de animais voltados para a produção de carne tem como objetivo a visualização do conjunto de características responsáveis pelo aumento da eficiência econômica da exploração com vistas a atender às expectativas do consumidor. Seguindo este princípio, o valor de uma determinada carcaça, isto é, a sua aceitabilidade frente a uma série de exigências do mercado, depende da quantidade de da qualidade da porção comestível. A avaliação da conformação, que expressa os perfis musculares, é uma ferramenta utilizada para classificar carcaças quanto ao seu valor comercial. Nesse contexto, o emprego de ferramentas computacionais de processamento de dados em busca de padrões pode otimizar esse tipo de avaliação. Com isso, objetiva-se, neste estudo, aplicar uma metodologia que tenha a capacidade de classificar carcaças ovinas quanto à sua conformação a partir de atributos como peso, medidas morfométricas e de área do olho-de-lombo (AOL) de carcaças utilizando o classificador inteligente k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN). Foram avaliadas 72 carcaças de cordeiros castrados mantidos sob sistema de confinamento pertencentes à rebanhos comerciais localizados no estado do Pará. Um total de 28 medidas morfométricas foram tomadas nas carcaças frias inteiras, além do peso e da AOL. Estas foram classificadas de acordo com o peso em leves e pesadas e, posteriormente, segundo sua conformação adotando-se o sistema SEUROP por um avaliador por meio de imagens digitais da carcaça fria. A execução do algoritmo KNN seguiu a metodologia de validação cruzada leave-one-out, onde utilizaram-se diferentes estratégias de aprendizado para predizer a conformação das carcaças, cujos conjuntos de treinamento se distinguiam em número de exemplos (carcaças), de atributos (variáveis) Nos conjuntos numéricos obteve-se PECC de 61,11% (k=7) para a estratégia 1; 62,50% (k=5) para a estratégia 2; 50,94% (k=5 e 23) e 58,49% (k=11) para a estratégia 4. Nos conjuntos nominais referentes às Estratégias 1, 2, 3 e 4 (k=1)  observou-se PECC de  100%. O algoritmo KNN, foi capaz de predizer os escores de conformação a partir de medidas morfométricas. A partir dos resultados da acurácia, da sensibilidade das classes e da precisão da classificação, utilizando o conjunto numérico, a melhor estratégia foi a estratégia 2 (CONF_72_CP), com redução de atributos, conseguiu otimizar a predição de classificação em relação as demais estratégias.

Na ovinocaprinocultura, tem-se a verminose gastrintestinal como principal entrave de ordem sanitária, limitante do desenvolvimento produtivo, e falhas no manejo são responsáveis pelo insucesso dos programas de controle da doença. Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa caracterizar o sistema de criação de ovinos e caprinos, bem como identificar o manejo de controle da verminose gastrintestinal no rebanho da região nordeste do estado do Pará. Foram realizadas visitas em dezoito propriedades, sendo seis no município de Igarapé –Açu, quatro no município de São Francisco do Pará, duas município de Maracanã e seis no município de Capanema, onde realizaram-se entrevistas através da aplicação de questionário, para levantamento de informações sobre o produtor, a propriedade, o rebanho, práticas de manejo e estratégias de controle de verminose. Realizou-se  coprocultura  para identificação  da  biota  prevalente  de  nematóides gastrintestinais em amostras fecais que apresentaram valores de OPG maior ou igual a 400. Verificou-se que a criação de ovinos e caprinos está presente predominantemente em pequenas propriedades da região, com efetivo ovino por criatório variável, sendo principalmente registrado rebanhos com 11 a 50 (29,41%) e 101 a 500 cabeças (29,41), formados por animais da raça Santa Inês (100%) e Dorper (41,18). O efetivo do rebanho caprino por criatório era predominatemente de 1 a 10 cabeças (83,33%), formado por animais mestiços ou SRD (85,71%). O sistema de produção mais utilizado era o semi-intensivo (77,78%), onde os animais eram criados principalmente para corte (77,78%), com destino tanto para o consumo próprio (38,89%), quanto para o comércio (38,89%). A maioria dos produtores tinham assistência técnica (55,56%), porém apenas 16,67% a recebiam de forma continuada. A escrituração zootécnica não era realizada por 61,11% e a escrituração contábil realizada por apenas 30,00% dos produtores. A maioria das propriedades apresentavam instalações próprias para ovinos e caprinos como aprisco (83,33%) e pedilúvio (55,56%), sendo a limpeza dos apriscos realizada diariamante e a desifecção esporadicamente por apenas 33,33% e 22,23% dos manejadores, respectivamente. A forma de pastejo contínuo era a mais utilizada (61,11%), com pastagem formadas principalmente por gramíneas do gênero Brachiaria, como a Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandú (61,11%) e Brachiaria humidicola (50,00%). O uso de capineiras na suplementação alimentar foi registrado em 44,45% das propriedades e de banco de proteínas em apenas 11,11%. A suplementação com concentrado era realizada em 66,66% dos criatórios e o uso de sal mineral em 94,44% destes. Para controle da verminose gastrintestinal, a vermifugação era prática comum e único método utilizado nas propriedades (94,44%), realizada com base em calendário definido (64,71%) em todos os animais do rebanho (94,12%). Os vermífugos utilizados nos últimos anos pelos produtores foram a ivermectina (47,06%), o levamisol (35,29%), o albendazol (11,76%) e a doramectina (23,53%). A alternância entre os medicamentos era realizada somente por 41,18% dos produtores, sendo periodicamente (28,57%) ou ao término de cada vermífugo (28,57%). O critério de escolha dos medicamentos era realizado principalmente por recomendações de vendedores (35,29%) e a determinação das dosagens a partir do tamanho do animal (88,24%). A maioria dos produtores relataram que tinham conhecimento sobre resistência anti-helmíntica (66,67%). Os resultados coproparasitológicos indicaram presença de larvas de nematóides do gênero Haemonchus spp. e Trichostrongylus spp. e Oesophagostomum spp., sendo o Haemonchus spp. foi o mais prevalente (67,65%). Práticas de manejo eficiente, controle zootécnico e acompanhamento de assistência técnica efetivo que difunda conhecimento sobre medidas de controle da verminose gastrintestinal, não apenas por meio do uso exclusivo de anti-helmínticos, além de possibilitar a eficácia e a sustentabilidade no controle parasitário, podem representar reflexos na produtividade capazes de elevar as perspectivas de rentabilidade dos produtores com a criação de pequenos ruminantes.

O presente estudo avaliou o efeito dos planos nutricionais sobre as características da carcaça e carne na terminação de bovinos sob pastejo no período seco e chuvoso. Foram utilizados 28 bovinos Nelore, inteiros, com idade média de 18 meses. A concepção experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial (2x2), sendo os fatores: (i) duas estratégias de suplementação durante o período seco e (ii) duas estratégias de suplementação durante o período chuvoso (mineral e concentrada), totalizando quatro tratamentos: (i) SMs + SMc = Suplementação mineral ( período seco e chuvoso - 273 dias de experimento); (ii) SMs + SCc = Suplementação mineral ( período seco - 112 primeiros dias) + suplementação concentrada (período chuvoso - 161 dias finais); (iii) SCs + SMc = Suplementação concentrada (o período seco -112 primeiro dias) + suplementação mineral (período chuvoso - 161 dias finais); (iv) SCs + SCc = Suplementação concentrada (período seco e chuvoso - 273 dias de experimento). Os suplementos, exceto o mineral (0,10 kg/animal) foram fornecidos a 0,8% do PV dos animais. Após o abate, foram realizadas as pesagens da carcaça e mensuração de pH (antes e após refrigeração), perda por resfriamento(PPR), peso dos cortes primários, rendimentos, área de olho de lombo (AOL) e espessura de gordura subcutânea(EGS) para características da carcaça e análises de força de cisalhamento, composição centesimal, perdas, coloração, comprimento de sarcomêro e índice de fragmentação miofibrilar para predizer a qualidade da carne dos animais. As características de perdas por descongelamento e totais, comprimento de sarcomêro, coloração: L *,a* e b*, apresentaram efeito de interação dos planos nutricionais nos períodos seco e chuvoso (P<0,05). O rendimento da carcaça quente e fria (RCQ e RCF), PPR, pH inicial, AOL, EGS, cortes primários, composição centesimal da carne: umidade, cinzas, extrato etereo, força de cisalhamento e indice de fragmentação miofibrilar não apresentaram interação entre os planos nutricionais realizados durante o período seco e chuvoso (P<0,05), no entanto, foi verificado tendência de interação (P<0,10) para as variáveis pH final, teor de proteína e perda por cocção. As estratégias suplementares realizadas no período seco influenciaram (P<0,05) os valores do RCQ e RCF, e durante o periodo chuvoso a EGS (P<0,05), peso da ponta de agulha e teor de umidade. Os cortes dianteiro e traseiro apresentaram efeito dos planos nutricionais nos períodos seco e chuvoso (P<0,05), sendo superiores quando alimentados com suplemento concentrado. PPR, pH inicial e AOL não foram influenciados pelas as estratégias suplementares adotadas no período seco e chuvoso (P>0,05). As características de carcaça são alteradas pelos planos nutricionais realizados durante o período seco, chuvoso ou ambos. Suplementação com concentrado durante o período chuvoso proporciona carcaças melhores acabadas. Suplementação com mineral no período seco seguido de suplementação com concentrado no período chuvoso promove maior teor de proteína, perdas totais, comprimento de sarcomêro e coloração da carne.

O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Campus de Parauapebas, Brasil, caracterizar e testar a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e da proteína bruta (PB) dos subprodutos oriundos do dendê (torta, amêndoa e fibra de dendê), macaúba (torta de polpa e torta de amêndoa), açaí (caroço de açaí), babaçu (torta da amêndoa), abacaxi (casca, coroa e bagaço ensilado). Posteriormente, conduziu-se ensaio com dez ovinos fistulados no rúmen distribuídos em delineamento experimental composto por dois quadrados latinos simultâneos 5 x 5 (períodos x tratamentos) para avaliar o consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes, balanço de nitrogênio e parâmetros ruminais de ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de inclusão (0; 26,66; 53,33 e 80%) de torta de babaçu onde o volumoso era composto por silagem de resíduo úmido de abacaxi e mais um tratamento. Avaliou-se também no terceiro experimento (mesmo delineamento citado para experimento 2), a produção microbiana, eficiência de síntese produção microbiana, a concentração de ácidos graxos voláteis e quantificação e identificação de protozoários presentes no líquido ruminal. No quarto experimento avaliou-se o comportamento de cordeiros alimentados com torta de babaçu em substituição à silagem de capim elefante, foi desenvolvido com 45 cordeiros alojados em baias individuais com alimentação a vontade e distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (0, 12,5, 25, 37,5 e 50% de inclusão de torta de babaçu) e nove repetições, em que todos os tratamentos obedeceram a relação volumoso concentrado 40:60. Com base na composição química e degradabilidade in situ dentre os ingredientes testados, a amêndoa de dendê, torta de polpa de macaúba e silagem de resíduo de abacaxi apresentaram as melhores características de alimentos proteicos. Enquanto, a amêndoa de dendê, a torta de amêndoa de macaúba, a torta de babaçu e a silagem de resíduo de abacaxi apresentaram as melhores características de alimentos volumosos. Verificou-se também que a torta de babaçu pode substituir o farelo de soja em até 80% quando a fonte de volumoso for a silagem do resíduo úmido de abacaxi. A utilização de silagem de resíduo úmido de abacaxi melhora o consumo e digestibilidade de nutrientes, ingestão, retenção e absorção de nitrogênio, sem comprometer os parâmetros ruminais de ovinos e sem promover efeito sobre a eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana, produção de AGV e contagem e identificação de protozoários ruminais. A torta de babaçu pode substituir a silagem de capim elefante em até 50%, sem alterar o tempo de alimentação e mastigação total, o que permite melhorar a eficiência de alimentação e ruminação.

A silagem de milho é uma das principais opções de volumoso utilizada na alimentação de ruminantes. No entanto, práticas de manejo que visam potencializar a eficiência de uso da cultura na colheita e a melhoria no tempo de estabilidade aeróbia ainda precisam ser consolidadas. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar as características fermentativas e o valor nutritivo de silagens de milho, confeccionadas com plantas colhidas à 25 ou 40 cm do solo, inoculadas ou não com Lactobacillus plantarum e Propionibacterium acidipropionici, de forma associada. As avaliações referentes à composição química, características fermentativas, estabilidade aeróbia, contagem de leveduras e fungos das silagens foram realizadas utilizando-se 24 silos, em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, arranjados em esquema fatorial 2 × 2 (25 ou 40 cm × inoculadas ou não). As avaliações de consumos médios diários (CMD), coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS) e nutrientes, balanço de nitrogênio e comportamento ingestivo foram avaliados utilizando-se 24 ovinos machos, com peso corporal médio de 27 ± 3 kg, em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, arranjados da mesma forma como no ensaio anterior. Observou-se que as silagens de plantas de milho colhidas à 40 cm apresentaram maiores teores de proteína bruta (PB) em relação as silagens de plantas de milho colhidas à 25 cm (p<0,05). A elevação da altura de colheita proporcionou maiores teores de matéria seca (MS), 34,61 contra 32,22%, e de carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), 48,21 contra 44,64%, e redução nos teores de fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro (FDN), 40,29 contra 44,56%, e fibra insolúvel em detergente ácido (FDA), 21,43 contra 23,92%. As silagens preparadas com plantas de milho colhidas à 25 cm sem inoculante apresentaram maiores (5,29%) teores de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH₃₎ com base no nitrogênio total (NT) e diferenciando-se das demais silagens (p<0,05). A elevação da altura de colheita proporcionou maiores CMD de PB, FDA, CNF e nutrientes digestíveis totais, mas reduziu os CDA de FDN. Enquanto que a adição do inoculante bacteriano proporcionou menores teores de FDN e maiores CMD de CNF, mas não afetou os CDA da MS e dos nutrientes (p<0,05). Houve interação altura × inoculante sobre os CDA de PB, EE e FDA (p<0,05), mas não sobre os CMD de MS e dos nutrientes. O balanço de nitrogênio dos ovinos foi maior quando consumiram silagens de plantas de milho colhidas à 40 cm (p<0,05). Quanto ao comportamento ingestivo, a adição do inoculante diminuiu a eficiência de alimentação de FDN (53,11 contra 61,52%). Conclui-se que a elevação da altura de colheita e a adição do inoculante bacteriano melhoraram a qualidade das silagens de milho, aumentando os CMD de alguns nutrientes. A combinação dessas práticas resultou em silagens com mínimas perdas de PB devido à menor produção de N-NH₃/NT, mas a inoculação não foi eficiente na manutenção da estabilidade aeróbia das silagens coletadas na fase pós-abertura. Além disso, essa combinação não aumentou os CMD da MS e dos nutrientes, mas melhorou os CDA da PB, EE e FDA.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de 2 bioestimulantes de crescimento vegetal sobre a produtividade e valor nutritivo de pastagens de Capim-Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça e Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu em regime de cortes. O experimento foi realizado no campo experimental Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Campus de PARAUAPEBAS-PA. Forão testados dois bioestimulantes foliares isolados, o Biozyme e o Raizal, aplicados em duas espécies forrageiras (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça e Brachiaria brizanthacv. Marandu). Para instalação do experimento foi implantado uma área a qual, parte dela foi formada por Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça e parte por Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Os oito tratamentos forão distribuídos nas duas espécies forrageiras, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 5 repetições por tratamento totalizando 80 parcelas experimentais (40 parcelas com Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça  e 40 parcelas com Brachiaria brizanthacv. Marandu). Para as avaliações agronômicas e de valor nutritivo forão realizados corte das parcelas a ao ponto em que cada espécie atingia a altura de manejo de corte. Para as avaliações da estrutura do pasto foram feitas as seguintes avaliações nas parcelas: altura do dossel, estimada medindo-se a altura em 5 pontos por parcela, utilizando-se um bastão graduado retrátil; e massas secas de forragem total (MSFT), de forragem morta (MSFM), de forragem verde (MSFV), de lâminas foliares verdes (MSLV), de colmos verdes (MSCV), relações material vivo/material morto (MV/MM) e folha/colmo, estimadas cortando-se a parcela com bordadura de 0,5 m. O material foi pesado na sua totalidade e a seguir foram retiradas amostras para separação do material vivo do material morto e as lâminas foliares dos colmos do material vivo. Todas essas frações foram pesadas, secas em estufa de ventilação forçada a 55^oC até peso constante. Para as análises qualitativas foram coletadas em cada parcela, imediatamente antes da aplicação dos tratamentos e a cada 28 dias, uma amostra da forragem total, as quais posteriormente formaram 3 amostras compostas por parcela experimental, sendo uma da composição qualitativa da forragem antes da aplicação dos tratamentos outra referente aos primeiros 56 dias de desenvolvimento forrageiro e outra referente aos últimos 56 dias do desenvolvimento forrageiro. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo Teste F e estudo de regressão. Em relação ao experimento com Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, somente a variável produção de produção de colmos apresentou comportamento linear crescente (p<0,05) para a utilização do Biozime. Enquanto que com a utilização do Raizal os parâmetros de teor de matéria seca, produção de massa seca, folhas, colmos, colmos reprodutivos, e massa diária em conjunto com percentual de folhas, colmos reprodutivos e intervalo entre cortes foram influenciados (p<0,05) pela utilização do Raizal, com aumento de produtividade utilizando-se do produto. m relação ao experimento com Panicum maximuncv. Mombaça somente a variável produção de colmos apresentou comportamento quadrático (p<0,05) para a utilização do Biozime. Em relação a utilização de Raizal, nenhuma diferença foi observada (p>0,05). O produto Raizal pulverizado via foliar na espécie Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu na dosagem de 2 Kg/ha promoveu aumento nos índices de produção de matéria seca, massa seca de folhas, colmos reprodutivos, matéria seca diária, altura do dossel, percentual de colmos e colmos reprodutivos. Na espécie Panicum maximun cv. Mombaça utilização do Biozime e nas dosagens testadas e no manejo adotado, não exerceram influência sobre os parâmetros avaliados.

O arquipélago de Marajó é conhecido nacionalmente pela exploração da bubalinocultura, evidenciada pela grande concentração de animais dessa espécie, que responde por 38,19% dos búfalos existentes no Brasil. Sendo o principal componente alimentar da região, as pastagens nativas, em seus diferentes habitats. Objetivou-se com este trabalho caracterizar a produção leiteira e os recursos forrageiros nativos presentes da microrregião do Arari, Arquipélago de Marajó, Pará. No primeiro momento, foram aplicados 40 questionários nos principais produtores de leite de búfala da microrregião do Arari. E posteriormente, um levantamento botânico em 14 propriedades (sete no município de Soure e sete em Cachoeira do Arari), onde em cada propriedade foram retiradas amostras para estabelecer os índices de riqueza das espécies identificadas, a composição química das espécies Echynochloa polysthachia e Colona, e o teste histoquímico da região mediana do folíolo central das folhas aonde foram montadas lâminas semipermanentes para detectar a presença de Amido, Açúcares totais, Lipídeos e ligninas. Observou-se que 67,5% dos entrevistados responderam que a alimentação é a principal limitação no desenvolvimento da atividade leiteira, 80% produzem leite durante alguns meses do ano, 42,5% não desenvolvem alternativas para melhorar seus pastos, dentre essas espécies nativas presentes a Echynochloa polysthachia e Paspalum conjungatum obtiveram maiores índice de riqueza em relação às outras identificadas. Dessa forma, na microrregião do Arari, há a necessidade de se desenvolver sistemas de produção que fortaleçam o uso racional das pastagens nativas, contribuindo com o crescimento da competitividade da pecuária, conciliando produtividade animal com sustentabilidade econômica, social e ambiental.

O câncer é uma doença com múltiplos estágios, que se origina devido alterações no controle e na atividade de genes responsáveis pela regulação do crescimento e diferenciação celular, resultando em uma proliferação descontrolada. Entre os genes frequentemente alterados em tumores estão os localizados no lócus INK4/ARF, representado pelos genes p15INK4b, p16INK4a e p14ARF, e seus reguladores, que estão envolvidos em diversas vias, inclusive de controle de ciclo celular, como as vias RB/E2F e da TP53. Em caninos, dentre os diversos tipos tumorais existentes, os tumores mamários são os mais frequentemente observados. Poucos estudos no Brasil, especialmente na região Norte, tem abordado os mecanismos moleculares das neoplasias caninas. Considerando que o entendimento dos mecanismos regulatórios e de ação do lócus INK4/ARF pode ajudar na compreensão da patogênese molecular dos tumores mamários, além de contribuir para identificação de marcadores moleculares de prognóstico e diagnóstico, o presente trabalho visou avaliar e comparar o perfil de metilação e expressão de genes do lócus INK4/ARF e seus reguladores (BMI-1, TBX2 e MYC) em tumores mamários de cadelas do estado do Pará. As amostras de tecido neoplásico e não-neoplásico foram coletadas no Hospital Veterinário da UFRA (HOVET) e tiveram seu diagnóstico histopatológico feito pela equipe do Laboratório de Patologia (LABOPAT-UFRA). Após isso, foram submetidas à extração de DNA seguida de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e sequenciamento. Para as análises de metilação, o DNA obtido foi submetido ao processo de modificação pelo bissulfito anteriormente à PCR e, para as análises de expressão gênica, foi realizada a quantificação do mRNA do gene-alvo utilizando a técnica de PCR em tempo real. Os achados foram correlacionados com os dados histopatológicos e sobrevida dos pacientes. Os resultados mostram que, dos genes analisados, TBX2 e p15INK4b foram os que apresentaram os maiores níveis de metilação em todas as amostras estudadas, enquanto p16INK4a, BMI-1 e MYC foram menos metilados (menos de 10% das amostras). Esses dados, juntamente com os dados de PCR em tempo real são úteis não só no entendimento do processo de carcinogênese mamária canina, mas também no diagnóstico e prognóstico desta neoplasia, contribuindo massivamente para a melhoria da sobrevida dos pacientes. 

Os protozoários do gênero Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia ssp. são atualmente reconhecidos como os principais patógenos entéricos com potencial zoonótico que podem causar diarreia, dor abdominal, náusea e vômito. São considerados como importantes parasitas dos animais domésticos.  No Pará as infecções ocasionadas por estes protozoários em caprinos e ovinos são pouco estudadas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as infecções naturais por Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia ssp. em caprinos e ovinos, criados extensivamente em propriedades localizadas nas Mesorregiões metropolitana de Belém e do Nordeste Paraense, Estado do Pará. Amostras fecais de ovinos e caprinos jovens (< 12 meses) foram obtidas e submetidas à análise coproparasitológica e microscópica. Para a pesquisa dos cistos de Giardia spp. as amostras foram submetidas ao teste de rotina através da pesquisa direta e observação microscópica do enteroparasita. Para a pesquisa de Cryptosporidium spp. foi utilizada a técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada ou coloração ácido-resistente. A excreção de cistos de Giardia spp. foi detectada em 17 (17%) das 100 amostras analisadas para o exame direto. Já em caprinos, 2 (4%) das 51 amostras apresentaram positivas para o gênero segundo o mesmo método. Nove dos 100 ovinos (9%) excretaram oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. nas fezes analisadas pela técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada. Em caprinos não foram detectados oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. nas amostras analisadas.

O protozoário do gênero Sarcocystis apresenta mais de 200 espécies parasitando uma grande variedade de animais, apresentando uma forte relação presa-predador. Os animais de produção são importantes fontes de infecção para os hospedeiros definitivos através do consumo de suas carnes e vísceras in natura ou indevidamente processadas, por apresentarem a forma cística do parasito em suas células musculares. Os bubalinos participam na cadeia epidemiológica de cinco a seis espécies, incluindo a S. homininis que é zoonótico. Neste contexto, desenvolvemos este experimento para identificar a infecção no rebanho bubalino marajoara utilizando como indicador biológico amostras de coração e língua coletadas em um abatadedouro estadual localizado na cidade de Belém, estado do Pará. As amostras foram processadas no Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, utilizando-se a técnica de digestão peptídica. A infecção foi detectada em todas as amostras de coração e língua, comprovando-se a grande susceptibilidade do rebanho de búfalos marajoara, potencializando o risco zoonótico do Sarcocystis spp. 

A maioria dos anestésicos provoca alterações na taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG). A dopamina (DA), uma catecolamina endógena, sob administração contínua em doses baixas, aumenta TFG. São múltiplos os fatores etiológicos que desencadeiam a insuficiência renal crônica em cães. E, a realização de uma anestesia pode ser um destes fatores. A fim de evitar a ocorrência e/ou progressão da doença renal e melhorar a qualidade de vida de pacientes que precisam ser submetidos à anestesia é necessário desenvolver protocolos que preservem a estabilidade da função glomerular. O objetivo central deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da infusão contínua da DA, em solução de NaCl 0,9%, sobre a atividade renal de cães durante a anestesia, paralelamente, avaliou-se a qualidade e os efeitos indesejáveis em cada protocolo. Trinta caninos, sadios, entre dois e oito anos de idade foram agrupados aleatoriamente em dois blocos subdivididos em três grupos de cinco animais cada. Ao bloco 1 (MPF) foi instituído o protocolo de indução midazolam e propofol, e manutenção com isofluorano e fentanil. No bloco 2 (DPF) o midazolam foi substituído pelo diazepam. O grupo 1 (G1), nos dois blocos, representa o grupo controle, no qual não foi utilizada a infusão de dopamina; os grupos 2 e 3 (G2 e G3) foram tratados com uma taxa de infusão de 2mcg/kg/min e 3mcg/kg/min de DA, respectivamente. Antes e durante o procedimento foram feitas determinações séricas de creatinina e fósforo; relação proteína/creatinina urinária (PU/CU) e a TFG foi estimada pelo Clearance de creatinina (Ccr). Foram mensuradas, também, a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) e média (PAM), frequência cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (FR). A TFG aumentou nos grupos tratados com DA nos dois protocolos (p<0,05). A creatinina sérica reduziu em todos os grupos. A PU/CU e o fósforo não apresentaram alterações estatisticamente significativas. O G2/MPF sofreu aumento na PAS nos primeiros 10 minutos após a indução e infusão de dopamina. A PAM e a PAD não apresentaram diferenças entre protocolos, grupos e tempo anestésico (p<0,05). A FC e FR reduziram em função do grupo/protocolo e do tempo anestésico (p<0,05). A incrementação da anestesia geral em cães com a associação da infusão contínua de dopamina nas doses de 2mcg/kg/min e 3mcg/kg/min é eficiente e vantajosa para a preservação da taxa de filtração glomerular levando ao menor risco anestésico e sem causar alterações significativas nos parâmetros fisiológicos analisados.

Os macacos-de-cheiro estão entre os primatas neotropicais mais utilizados como modelo biológico, com destaque, nos últimos anos, em numerosas áreas biomédicas, no entanto, ainda não investigado no âmbito do cultivo e terapia celular. Assim, objetivou-se isolar e caracterizar células-tronco mesenquimais derivadas do tecido adiposo de Saimiri sciureus, visando contribuir com futuras pesquisas a partir desta espécie, como modelo experimental em medicina regenerativa e terapia celular. Foram utilizados dois animais, adultos, machos, pertencentes ao Centro Nacional de Primatas - CENP, Ananindeua, Pará, para coleta do tecido adiposo por meio de lipectomia. As células foram isoladas por digestão enzimática e cultivadas em Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium Ham's e F12 Nutrient Mixture na mesma proporção suplementado com 20% de soro fetal bovino, em estufa a 37ºC, com 5% de CO2 e 56% de umidade relativa. Foram avaliadas quanto à viabilidade, morfologia, proliferação, plasticidade, imunofenotipagem e estabilidade cromossômica por análise citogenética clássica e molecular. Os procedimentos realizados permitiram fácil isolamento e expansão das células, mantendo alta viabilidade e padrão morfológico ao longo do cultivo, potencial de diferenciação nas linhagens osteogênica, adipogênica e condrogênica, imunofenotipagem característica de células-tronco mesenquimais e integridade citogenômica em passagens elevadas (P8). Nossos resultados, somados às propriedades terapêuticas das células-tronco mesenquimais, demonstram segurança para transplante autólogo em ensaios clínicos utilizando o Saimiri sciureus.

O câncer é considerado o resultado do acúmulo de alterações genéticas e epigenéticas de uma célula que adquire a capacidade de se proliferar de maneira acelerada. O tumor mamário é o segundo mais frequente na espécie canina representando cerca de 52% de todos os tumores da referida espécie. Sabe-se que o câncer é decorrente de alterações nos genes que controlam o ciclo celular, tais como aqueles que codificam inibidores de cinases dependentes de ciclinas, com destaque para o gene p15(INK4b). Sabe-se que este gene sofre alterações genéticas e epigenéticas em diversos tumores humanos, inclusive o de mama. Apesar disso, pouco se sabe sobre suas alterações em tumores mamários caninos. Assim sendo, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo verificar o estado de metilação do gene p15(INK4b) bem como as alterações genéticas (mutações/polimorfismos) em tumores mamários em cadelas e correlacionar com dados histopatológicos. Serão analisadas amostras de animais submetidos a mastectomia no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia. O DNA total de cada amostra será extraído pelo método fenol-clorofórmio, e submetido à reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), seguida de sequenciamento direto, para a análise de mutações dos éxons do gene p15(INK4b). Para a análise de metilação, o DNA será convertido utilizando o bissulfito de sódio e a região promotora do gene de interesse será analisada por Bissulfite Sequencing PCR As análises estatísticas serão realizadas no programa BioEstat 5.0, onde usaremos os testes Exato de Fisher, Qui-quadrado e Odds Ratio. Para a análise de metilação, foi amplificado um fragmento de 354 pares de bases, contendo 11 sítios CpG. Das amostras analisadas 90,9% apresentaram-se hipermetiladas, sendo 60% destas observadas em amostras não-tumorais. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre o padrão de metilação das amostras tumorais e não-tumorais. A análise de polimorfismos identificou apenas uma alteração presente no éxon 1. Esses dados sugerem que alterações no gene p15(INK4b) não são frequentes durante a carcinogênese mamária canina.

O rebanho efetivo de ovinos do Brasil tem crescido significativamente nos últimos ano. Mesmo o efeitvo rebanho nacional tendo aumentado nos últimos anos, a cadeia produtiva da ovinocultura possui deficiência na oferta de carne de cordeiro, pois a quantidade de animais abatidos anualmente não é suficiente para permitir regularidade na oferta de carne. Dessa forma, com intuito de reverter essa situação,deve-se avaliar estratégias que melhorem o sistema de produção dos animais. Principalmente as voltadas para a nutrição, por ser responsável pelo desempenho produtivo do animal e por ser um dos fatores que mais onera o custo na produção. Neste sentindo, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão torta de dendê em diferentes níveis no concentrado sobre o consumo, digestibilidade e desempenho de ovinos em confinamento. Foram utilizados 45 ovinos cruzados de Santa Ines, machos, castrados, com 23± 0,35 kg do peso inicial, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizados, com cinco tratamentos 0; 7,5;15; 22,5 e 30% de inclusão da torta de dendê no concentrado e nove repetições por tratamento. As dietas foram formuladas na relação 50% de volumoso e 50% de concentrado, utilizando silagem de capim elefante como fonte de volumoso e farelo de soja, fubá de milho, torta de dendê, ureia, mistura mineral e calcário calcítico para compor o concentrado. O período experimental foi composto por 88 dias, sendo 20 dias de adaptação dos animais às instalações e dietas e o restante para coleta de dados. Foi realizada análise de regressão das variáveis em função da inclusão da torta de dendê nas dietas experimentais. Foram testados os modelos linear e quadrático, significância do modelo de (P<0,05) e na especificidade biológica da variável estudada. A inclusão da torta de dendê na dieta diminui de forma linear(P<0,05) o consumo de matéria seca, assim com para a maioria dos nutrientes. O coeficiente de digestibilidade do extrato etéreo apresentou crescimento linear (P<0,05), já o coeficiente de digestibilidade de carboidratos não fibrosos apresentou efeito linear decrescente (P<0,05). O peso final e ganho médio diário tiveram efeito linear decrescente (P<0,05). A inclusão da torta de dendê no concentrado diminui o consumo da maioria dos nutrientes, exceto, o extrato etéreo e a fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro, e consequentemente, compromete o desempenho animal.A digestibilidade dos nutrientes com a inclusão da torta de dendê não possibilita a inferência do nível adequado de inclusão para promover o desempenho animal. 

Os primatas do gênero Saimiri têm sido especialmente utilizados em estudos farmacológicos, doenças cardiovasculares e neurologia, fazendo-se cada vez mais necessária a manutenção dessa espécie em cativeiro. Porém, a utilização contínua de primatas nas pesquisas experimentais e biomédicas podem levar ao desenvolvimento de doenças renais. Além da avaliação bioquímica sérica ou urinária, pode-se realizar a ultrassonografia renal, mesmo na presença de função renal prejudicada. Assim, objetivou-se promover a avaliação ultrassonográfica dos rins e estabelecer o perfil bioquímico sérico renal da espécie Saimiri collinsi criados em cativeiro, associando os dados morfométricos ultrassonográficos. Foram examinados 30 animais da colônia do Centro Nacional de Primatas – CENP, sendo 16 machos e 14 fêmeas, distribuídos em duas faixas etárias: FE1 [jovens, 3 – 7 anos, (n=15, 8 machos e 7 fêmeas)] e FE2 [idosos 14 – 17 anos (n=15, 8 machos e 7 fêmeas)]. Realizaram-se dosagens de ureia, creatinina e Cistatina C, bem como ultrassonografia renal de todos os animais. Não houve diferença significativa entre faixas etárias para as avaliações da bioquímica sérica, entretanto, a dosagem de creatinina apresentou diferença significativa quando comparada entre os sexos. A avaliação ultrassonográfica dos rins demonstrou que os rins são volumetricamente simétricos.

Células-tronco mesenquimais (CTMs) são caracterizadas por serem células indiferenciadas que possuem como principais características a capacidade de autorenovação, alto potencial de proliferação e diferenciação em diversos tecidos. São facilmente isoladas in vitro, apresentando morfologia semelhante a fibroblastos e devem apresentar a capacidade de realizarem in vitro a diferenciação condrogênica, osteogênica e adipogênica, assim como serem positivas para CD105, CD73 e CD90 e negativas para CD45, CD34, CD79α. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o potencial das células-tronco mesenquimais derivadas de tecido adiposo de Aotus azarai infulatus KUHL-1820, oriundos do Centro Nacional de Primatas (CENP)- Ananindeua, PA. Acredita-se que tal espécie animal possui características que lhes permitem ser um excelente modelo biológico para estudos com fins de terapia celular, objetivou também analisar a curva de crescimento celular, porcentagem da viabilidade celular, antes e após a criopreservação, realizar análises morfológicas, testes imunocitoquímicos e a análises do cariótipo. As células foram isoladas por digestão enzimática com colagenase tipo IV e cultivadas in vitro. Os resultados mostraram que as células-tronco mesenquimais derivadas de tecido adiposo possuem elevada capacidade de proliferação se expandindo rápido nas garrafas de cultivo, apresentaram viabilidade em média acima de 90% e não apresentou diferença significativa quando se comparou células submetidas à criopreservação com células não criopreservadas. Apresentaram morfologia semelhante a fibroblastos e uma cinética de crescimento esperada para esse tipo de célula, foram positivas para CD105, CD73, e CD90 e negativa para CD34, CD79α e CD45. Na análise cariotípica foi observado um rearranjo em heterozigose no par 3, no qual um dos cromossomos sofreu uma fissão cêntrica, originando dois acrocêntricos, sugerindo que o mesmo é uma alteração constitucional do animal analisado, sugerindo que o mesmo seja híbrido entre dois citótipos diferentes. As células responderam de maneira positiva para a diferenciação adipogênica, condrgênica e osteogênica, comprovando sua multipotencialidade.Conclui-se, através dos resultados obtidos, que os testes básicos necessários para que uma célula seja considerada célula-tronco mesenquimal foram positivos nestes experimento, induzindo que a espécie Aotus azarai infulatus pode servir como excelente modelo biológico em estudos utilizando células-tronco mesenquimais e terapia celular.

Marcadores bioquímicos do metabolismo ósseo vêm sendo utilizado na prática clínica em inúmeras doenças ósseas metabólicas, uma vez que quantificam substâncias do processo metabólico em curso no tecido ósseo, o que facilita a descoberta precoce de doenças, prevenindo fraturas, auxiliando no acompanhamento e controle do tratamento e na decisão terapêutica. Os marcadores bioquímicos ósseos (MBO) podem ser divididos em marcadores de formação, que refletem a atividade dos osteoblastos, e os de reabsorção, refletindo a atividade dos osteoclastos. Dentre eles, destacam-se o propeptídeo aminoterminal do pró-colágeno tipo I (PINP), a osteocalcina (OC), o β-crosslaps (β-CTX) e o paratormônio (PTH). Assim, objetivou-se propor uma descrição da variação normal dos marcadores ósseos OC, PINP, β-CTX e PTH em Chlorocebus aethiops, criados em cativeiro, avaliando o efeito do sexo e da idade. Foram utilizados 73 indivíduos do Centro Nacional de Primatas – CENP, sendo 36 machos e 37 fêmeas, distribuídos em quatro faixas etárias (FE): FE 1 [infanto-juvenil - 1 a 3 anos (7 machos e 8 fêmeas)]; FE 2 [adulto jovem - 6 a 9 anos (14 machos e 8 fêmeas)]; FE 3 [adulto - 10 a 15 anos (5 machos e 13 fêmeas)]; FE 4 [idoso - 20 a 25 anos (10 machos e 8 fêmeas)]. Os resultados mostraram que o sexo não influenciou nos resultados de todos marcadores ósseos, e a idade dos animais foi influenciada estatisticamente nos valores dos biomarcadores, com (FE1>FE2, FE3, FE4) nos parâmetros de OC, PINP, β-CTX, mostrando uma correlação negativa com a idade, e o PTH, com correlação positiva com a idade, sendo FE4>FE1, FE2, FE3. 

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O Brasilpossui uma das maiores faunas de répteis domundo. Os répteis são utilizados de diferentes modos por populações humanas, existindo uma grande riqueza de crenças envolvendo esses animais, com destaque para as serpentes esta variedade de interações que as culturas humanas mantêm com os animais é abordada pela Etnozoologia. O estudo epidemiológico dos acidentes ofídicos causados por serpentes são considerados um problema de Saúde Pública no Brasil. Com o objetivo de caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico dos acidentes ofídicos notificado no município de Belém-PA, realizouum estudoretrospectivo de coleta de informações sobre os casos de acidentes ofídicosnotificados ao SINAN,no período de 2008 a 2012, foram notificados 338 casos, com média de 67 casos por ano. Os acidentes foram mais comuns na zona urbana, com relação aos casos de acidentes ofídicos ocorridos na Ilha do Combu (n=11; 3,25%). A maioria dos acidentes ocorreu nos meses de janeiro a junho, em pessoas do sexo masculino, na faixa etária de 10 a 39 anos, atingindo os membros inferiores (n=266; 78,70%), com 89,35% (n=302) dos acidentes atribuídos às serpentes do gênero Bothrops. As vítimas em 82,25% (n=278) dos casos foram atendidas nas unidades de saúde em até seis horas após o acidente. Foi registrado apenas um óbito (n=1; 0,30%) durante todo o período analisado, que ocorreu no ano de 2011, sendo um morador da Ilha do Combu, do sexo masculino com 54 anos, que foi causado por serpente do gênero Bothrops. Foi registradoo conhecimento etnozoológico e as práticas adotadas em casos de acidentes ofídicos pelos moradoresda Áreade Proteção Ambiental -APA da Ilha do Combu,entre os meses de maio a dezembro de 2013, realizando entrevistas com 70 moradores através de questionários semiestruturados, complementadas com conversas informais, dos entrevistados, 31,43% (n=22) já foram vitimas de ofidismo, tendo como região anatômica mais atingida os membros inferiores (n=21; 95,45%) e superiores (n=1; 4,55%). A maioria estava realizando atividades de trabalho e 81,82% (n=18) procurou auxilio medico, foi constatado que alguns animais domésticos também foram vítima de ofídismo na APA. Em geral, os moradores demonstraram conhecimento adequado sobre prevenção de acidentes ofídicos (no uso de botas, perneiras e luvas durante o trabalho no campo)e o procedimento em casos de acidente ofídico (procurar por atendimento médico especializado). Em relação a serpentes de ocorrência na ilha foram citadas 13 etnoespécies, para interpretar estes dados, realizou-se um inventario zoológico preliminar, sendo registradas nove espécies de serpentes. Destas três correspondem a serpentes peçonhentas com potencial de ocasionar acidente ofídico. Os entrevistados relataram a visualização de serpentes com frequência, sendo o período com maior número de ocorrências o inverno. Quanto ao uso, foram citadas quatro etnoespécies (jararaca, jibóia, coral e sucurijú), usadas em três categorias: alimentar, comercial e medicinal. A jibóia foi a que obteve maior valor de uso (0,83). A parte mais citada usada como zooterapico (n=21) foi à cabeça em álcool, usada como contraveneno em caso de ofidismo e picada de escorpião, seguida da banha (n=14). 

Morcegos constituem o segundo grupo mais abundante e diverso entre os mamíferos, com 64 gêneros e 174 espécies no Brasil. Este trabalho buscou apresentar a composição de espécies dos quirópteros, apresentando riqueza, abundância, diferenças entre as comunidades conforme fitofisionomias. Através de oito amostragem realizadas na Floresta Nacional de Carajás entre de Novembro de 2008 a Dezembro de 2011, em duas áreas controle (Floresta 1 e Canga 1) e duas áreas mais próximas à atividade antrópica (Floresta 2 e Canga 2). Para captura de morcegos utilizou-se 15 redes de neblina por noite, totalizando um esforço amostral de 551.880 m2h. No total foram capturados 895 indivíduos pertencentes a 67 espécies. As espécies mais abundantes foram Artibeus lituratus com 157 indivíduos e Carollia perpicillata com 141 registros. A Canga e Floresta Impactada representaram as áreas com maior riqueza, ambas com registro de 37 espécies. A curva do coletor indicou que a diversidade de espécies ainda não apresenta sinais de saturação. As maiores similaridades foram na Canga Controle e Impactada. Estes dados corroboram com as análises feitas com o Escalonamento Multidimensional, demonstrando dissimilaridade das comunidades entre as duas fitofisionomias onde, na Floresta, as riquezas das áreas controle e impactada não diferiram significativamente. A riqueza da fitofisionomia de Canga diferiu significante entre a área controle e impactada, sendo maior na canga impactada. Não houve diferença significativa nas abundâncias das espécies entre áreas de controle e impactada na Floresta.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo, avaliar os efeitos da adição de níveis crescentes de óleo de palma na dieta de codornas japonesas em postura sobre o desempenho zootécnico e a qualidade dos ovos. Foram alojadas 224 codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japônica), com 18 semanas de idade e peso inicial de 0,164 kg. Os tratamentos foram definidos de acordo com a inclusão do óleo de palma na dieta dos animais, apresentando um nível energético de 2.850 Kcal EM/Kg e proteico de 20%: T1 – Dieta controle; T2 – Dieta com 2% de inclusão de palma de óleo; T3 – Dieta com 4% de inclusão de óleo de palma; T4 – Dieta com 6% de inclusão de óleo de palma. A inclusão de 6% de óleo de palma à ração aumentou significativamente a produção de ovos quando comparado aos demais tratamentos, aumentou o concurso de ração e melhorou a conversão alimentar comparado com o tratamento controle que não utilizou óleo de palma nas dietas. A adição de até 6% de óleo de palma nas dietas não altera negativamente a qualidade dos ovos de codornas japonesas.

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Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar o perfil metabólico de búfalas lactantes criadas a pasto submetidas à administração de somatotropina recombinante bovina. O experimento foi conduzido em uma fazenda localizada na Mesorregião do Nordeste Paraense, onde foram utilizadas 22 búfalas adultas, clinicamente sadias, com parturição normal, com a mesma ordem de lactação, submetidas ao mesmo sistema de pastejo e manejo nutricional acompanhadas dos 63º ao 154º dia de lactação. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em que após a seleção, os animais foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais com iguais pesos corporais, escore de condição corporal e produção leiteira. O primeiro grupo foi constituído de 11 búfalas, que receberam a aplicação de 500 mg de somatotrotopina bovina recombinante a cada 14 dias, por via subcutânea, na fossa ísquio-retal, alternando-se os lados esquerdo e direito a cada aplicação, somando sete aplicações. O segundo grupo (controle) foi composto por 11 animais que não receberam qualquer tratamento. Durante o experimento foram colhidas amostras de sangue para a determinação do perfil bioquímico (glicose, colesterol, triglicérides, proteínas totais, albumina, ureia, creatinina, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio), agrupados de acordo com o período de lactação 63 -| 70; 70 -| 77; 77 -| 84; 84 -| 91; 91 -| 98; 98 -| 105; 105 -| 112; 112 -| 119; 119 -| 126; 133 -| 140; 147 -| 154 dias de lactação, totalizando 11 colheitas ao todo. A estatística descritiva dos dados, representada pelas médias aritméticas e os erros padrões da média (EPM) de cada tratamento, foi obtida pelo procedimento Means do programa SAS versão 9.2. A comparação entre as médias dos grupos dentro de cada tempo (trat/tempo) foi realizada por meio do teste de médias Tukey, por meio do comando LSMeans (Least Square Means) do SAS. Foi utilizado o nível de significância de 5% para todos os testes realizados. As médias dos parâmetros estudados, de acordo com o grupo experimental (tratamento e controle) foram: glicose (70,58 e 64,81 mg/dL), colesterol (132,38 e 133,40 mg/dL), triglicérides (29,18 e 28,32 mg/dL), proteína total (8,57 e 8,75 mg/dL), albumina (3,47 e 3,60 mg/dL), uréia (32,46 e 33,86 mg/dL), creatinina (1,27 e 1,39 mg/dL), cálcio (10,25 e 10,73 mg/dL), fósforo (5,76 e 5,62 mg/dL) e magnésio (3,70 e 3,70 mg/dL), respectivamente. A administração da somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST) não influenciou os níveis plasmáticos de glicose, triglicérides e colesterol assim como na concentração dos metabólitos proteicos sanguíneos (proteína total, ureia, creatinina e albumina), tampouco os níveis dos minerais séricos (cálcio, fósforo e magnésio) nas búfalas estudadas.

Pesquisas envolvendo helmintos parasitos de primatas silvestres são muito importantes, pela relação filogenética íntima de símios com o ser humano, relação com a manutenção e impacto na saúde do ecossistema, além da sua própria dinâmica biológica com eles. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar as espécies de nematódeos gastrointestinais do uacari (Cacajao calvus ucayalii), uma subespécie de primata platirrino da família Pitheciidae (situação Vulnerável segundo IUCN e no apêndice I da CITES). Parasitos adultos foram recuperados diretamente dos conteúdos de estômago, intestino delgado, e intestino grosso e fezes do reto de cinco exemplares de uacari vermelho, caçados pela população da bacia do rio Javarí-Mirím, para alimentação humana, como fonte de proteína. Além disso, coletou-se 36 amostras de fezes em campo de primatas silvestres da mesma espécie de hospedeiro na mesma área geográfica para comparação dos resultados. As amostras foram analisadas no Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Helmintologia/ICB/UFPA- Belém, Pará. Para análises coprológicas foram utilizadas as técnicas de concentração de Ritchie e de sedimentação espontânea. Para a identificação de espécimes adultos foi utilizada microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura, com auxílio de chaves taxonômicas. Foram encontrados nematódeos do gênero Physaloptera sp.(60%) parasitando estômago; do gênero Strongyloides sp.(100%), parasitando o intestino delgado e do gênero Trypanoxyuris (Trypanoxyuris) sp (100%). parasitando intestino grosso, assim também foi observado ovos dos grupos taxonômicos descritos em amostras de fezes em campo, o que gerou na publicação de um artigo. O resultado sobre a nematofauna dos uacari em condições de vida livre contribui com importantes dados sobre a biodiversidade de helmintos parasitos na região da Amazônia ocidental.

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Objetivou-se avaliar os consumos de nutrientes, desempenho, rendimentos de carcaça, cortes comerciais, componentes não caraça e qualidade da carne de ovinos alimentados com capim elefante ou cana-de-açúcar como fontes de volumoso e fubá de milho ou farelo de arroz como concentrado energético e dois níveis de alimentação. Foram utilizados 36 ovinos sem padrão racial definido (SPRD), machos, castrados, com 19,77±1,99 kg de peso corporal (PC) inicial. 24 animais foram alimentados com consumo de 4,96% do peso corporal (PC) e 12 animais receberam consumo de 3,40% do peso corporal (PC). Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2x2x2 (dois volumosos, dois concentrados, dois níveis de alimentação), e seis repetições para os animais com consumo de 4,96% de PC e três repetições para consumo de 3,40% de PC e abatidos ao alcançarem média de 30,0 kg de PC. Os animais que recebiam consumo de 3,40% PC foram abatidos conforme eram alcançados peso estabelecido e abate de cada dois animais do tratamento com consumo de 4,96% PC. O consumo de nutrientes foi maior para os tratamentos com fubá de milho (FM), capim elefante (CE) e consumo de 4,96% PC. O farelo de arroz (FA) promoveu maior perda no jejum, maior peso de conteúdo gastrointestinal e maior percentagem de extrato etéreo na porção comestível do carré. Dietas com FM proporcionaram maior deposição de proteína na porção comestível do carré e maior teor de matéria mineral neste corte e no músculo. O CE favoreceu maior peso corporal ao abate e maior peso do corpo vazio, maiores pesos de fígado, omaso e conteúdo gastrointestinal. O rendimento de carcaça quente e frio, assim como o peso do lombo, rins, solubilidade do colágeno e umidade da porção comestível do carré foram superiores quando foi adicionada cana-de-açúcar na dieta experimental. O consumo de 4,96% do PC favoreceu maior consumo de nutrientes, rendimento de carcaça, cortes comerciais, composição física e centesimal da parte comestível do carré e constituintes não carcaça. A utilização de cana-de-açúcar e farelo e arroz como alimentos alternativos no confinamento de ovinos é uma estratégia viável para sistemas de produção visto que não diminuiu os parâmetros quantitativos e qualitativos da carcaça e da carne de ovinos.

AVALIAÇÃO DA UTILIZAÇÃO DE ABRAÇADEIRAS AUTO ESTÁTICA DE NAYLON EM LIGADURAS DE PEDÍCULOS OVARIANOS EM CADELAS

O sistema reprodutor feminino é responsável pela reprodução e perpetuação de grande parte das espécies e as patologias que envolvem os órgãos genitais podem interferir ou prejudicar a função reprodutiva, podendo, em alguns casos, conduzir o animal a óbito. O presente estudo objetivou qualificar e quantificar as alterações anatomopatológicas ovarianas e uterinas de cadelas e gatas, domiciliadas na Região Metropolitana de Belém, Pará, correlacionando à espécie, faixa etária, número de partos, uso de contraceptivo e associação entre alterações. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética com protocolo de número 07/12. Fichas individuais e Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido foram utilizados para obtenção de dados dos proprietários e seus animais. Foram estudados os ovários e úteros de 200 fêmeas, sendo 100 cadelas e 100 gatas, de seis meses a seis anos de idade, selecionadas aleatoriamente através do projeto “Vida Digna”, da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA) que realiza OSH de conveniência em cães e gatos. As peças cirúrgicas foram examinadas no Laboratório de Patologia Animal (LABOPAT-UFRA), com análise descritiva e realização de biometria dos ovários e cornos uterinos quando necessário, assim como registro fotográfico dos casos com patologias. Em seguida, as peças eram acomodadas e fixadas inteiras em solução de formaldeído a 10% tamponado por período de 48 horas. De todos os casos foram colhidas amostras dos ovários e cornos uterinos direito e esquerdo para processamento e análise histológica. As lâminas foram coradas pela Hematoxilina e Eosina (HE) e, quando foi necessário observar fibras musculares e colágeno, utilizou-se a coloração Tricrômico de Gomori. As lâminas foram examinadas em microscópio óptico e os dados obtidos foram tabulados e analisados estatisticamente por meio de análise descritiva e teste Qui-quadrado, com nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados mostraram que a espécie canina foi mais afetada por patologias reprodutivas que a felina, onde foram identificadas patologias ovarianas em 30% (30/100) das cadelas e 23% (23/100) das gatas e patologias uterinas em 38% (38/100) das cadelas e 14% (14/100) das gatas. Essas alterações, ocorreram principalmente em cadelas na faixa etária acima de três e menores ou iguais a seis anos e gatas na faixa etária maior ou igual a seis meses e menor ou igual a três anos. As fêmeas nulíparas e que fizeram uso de contraceptivos, de ambas as espécies, apresentaram maior ocorrência de distúrbios ovarianos e uterinos. A associação entre patologias ovarianas e uterinas se fez presente em 51,17% (22/43) das cadelas e 40,74% (12/27) das gatas. A associação entre patologias ovarianas foi observada em 40% (12/30) das cadelas e 26,08% (6/23) das gatas e a uterina em 65,79% (25/38) das cadelas e 7,14% (1/14) das gatas. Conclui-se que as cadelas e gatas domiciliadas na Região Metropolitana de Belém, submetidas à OSH de conveniência, apresentaram uma alta ocorrência de distúrbios ovarianos e uterinos. As cadelas foram mais acometidas por alterações tanto ovarianas quanto uterinas e suas associações.

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A suinocultura no Estado do Pará é de pequeno e médio porte, sendo a mesma desenvolvida por produtores rurais com mão-de-obra predominante familiar e de baixo nível tecnológico, condições que favorecem a instalação e disseminação de enfermidades nos animais, algumas de caráter zoonótico. Considerando estes fatores e a importância dos suínos como fonte de subsistência e de renda para as populações amazônicas, o presente estudo procurou investigar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti- Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Brucella abortus, Leptospira sp., em criações de suínos no Estado do Pará. Foram avaliadas 310 amostras de soro de suínos das Mesorregiões Metropolitana de Belém, Nordeste Paraende e do Marajó, colhidas diretamente nas criações ou no abate, e submetidas às provas sorológicas de reação de imunofuorescência indireta (RIFI) para a pesquisa de anticorpos contra T. gonii e N. caninum e do antígeno acidificato tamponado (AAT) para a pesquisa de anticorpos contra Brucella abortus. Destas amostras, 305 foram examinadas através da soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) para a pesquisa de anticorpos contra Leptospira sp. A ocorrência de sororreagentes para T. gondii foi de 6,77%, para N. caninum 5,16%, para Brucella abortus 5,16% e para Leptospira sp. de 1,61%. Não foi encontrada diferença estatística entre as amostras de soros procedentes de criações e as procedentes de abate, exceto para Brucella abortus (0% e 3.31%, respectivamente), o mesmo não foi observado na comparação entre abate com e sem Serviço Estadual de Inspeção. Na Mesorregião Metropolitana de Belém, ocorreu maior frequência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum (5,17%) e menor de anti-Brucella abortus (0,0%), na Mesorregião Nordeste Paraense a maior frequência foi de anticorpos anti-Leptospira sp. (6,11%) e a menor de anti-Brucella abortus (0,44%) e na Mesorregião do Marajó foram mais frequentes os anticorpos anti-T. gondii (21,4%) e menos frequentes os anti-Lepstospira sp. (0,0%). A investigação de fatores de risco revelou, para T. gondii, que a presença de gatos contribui para a redução da infecção. Em relação ao N. caninum, o despejo de efluentes no solo e o uso de mão-de-obra familiar e a alimentação com restos de açougue apareceram como fatores que aumentam o risco de infecção. Os resultados deste estudo possibilitaram concluir que a ocorrência de anticorpos contra T. gondii, N. caninum, Brucella abortus e Leptospira sp. na população estudada é baixa, Em relação às mesorregiões, a frequência de suínos sororreagentes para T. gondii, N. caninum e Brucella abortus é significativamente maior na Mesorregião do Marajó do que nas outras duas investigadas. A presença de anticorpos contra T. gondii abrange criações de todos os municípios estudados, sendo considerados os roedores como possíveis fontes de infecção. Conforme análise de fatores de risco para infecção por N. Caninum, as condições precárias de manejo e de higiene favorecem a infecção em suínos. Na população estudada ocorre sororreagentes para Leptospira sp. sorovar Castellonis, Copenhageni, Pomona Australis, Icterohaemorragiae, Pyrogenes, com predominância do Icterohaemorragiae. Os resultados sugerem a participação de roedores sinantrópicos e silvestres no ciclo epidemiológico da infecção pela Leptospira sp. nos suínos estudados.

A ovinocultura vem se consolidando como uma das principais atividades no setor
de produção animal. Entretanto, estudos sobre alimentação e nutrição de ovinos ainda são
necessários visando melhor desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de técnicas de nutrição que
permitam crescimento contínuo da atividade. Nesse sentido, este trabalho foi desenvolvido
com objetivo de avaliar dietas a base de capim elefante ou cana-de-açúcar como volumoso e
fubá de milho ou farelo de arroz como concentrado energético sobre o desempenho e
composição corporal dos animais, e o consumo e digestibilidade das dietas. Foram utilizados
30 ovinos sem padrão racial definido (SPRD), machos, castrados, com 19,77±1,99 kg de peso
corporal (PC) inicial. Destes, seis animais foram abatidos no inicio do período experimental
para estimar a composição corporal inicial dos demais. Os 24 animais remanescentes foram
distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos em esquema
fatorial 2x2 (dois volumosos e dois concentrados), e seis repetições, e abatidos ao alcançarem
média de 30,0 kg de PC. Dietas com capim elefante proporcionaram maiores consumo e
digestibilidade para matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em
detergente neutro (FDN), minerais, carboidratos totais (CT) e nutrientes digestíveis totais
(NDT) que dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar. Para concentrados, dietas com fubá de milho
tiveram maior consumo para MS, MO, PB, CT e NDT comparadas a dietas contendo farelo de
arroz. Os animais de todos os tratamentos apresentaram baixo ganho de peso médio diário, e
baixa concentração corporal em proteína e elevada em gordura e energia. A cana-de-açúcar e
o farelo de arroz integral podem ser utilizados como ingredientes na dieta de ovinos com
baixo potencial para ganho em peso. Independente do tipo de volumoso ou do concentrado
utilizado nas dietas de ovinos sem padrão racial definido em confinamento, o desempenho e a
composição corporal dos animais não foram alterados.

As doenças da superfície ocular, entre elas, as conjuntivites e as ceratites são enfermidades que podem se disseminar num grupo de primatas não humanos gerando desconforto e mutilações, podendo ainda, evoluir até a perda total da visão. Portanto, evidenciar a microbiota conjuntival bacteriana pode constituir uma estratégia preventiva e terapêutica, além de ajudar a compreender melhor os micro-organismos denominados de residentes e transitórios à microbiota. Essa pesquisa foi realizada no Centro Nacional de Primatas com vinte animais adultos, sendo dez da família Cebidae e dez da família Aotidae, nos dois olhos e de ambos os sexos. Objetivo foi detectar e identificar as bactérias da microbiota conjuntival por meio do isolamento microbiológico, correlacionando com as espécies e com o sexo, além de determinar a sensibilidade e a resistência bacteriana por meio da concentração inibitória mínima. Houve o crescimento bacteriano de 97,5% das amostras conjuntivais de primatas não humanos, isolando sessenta e nove cepas e, identificadas vinte e duas espécies de bactérias, predominando as Gram-positivas no Cebus apella e as Gram-negativas no Aotus azarai infulatus. Dentre as Gram-positivas o Staphylococcus cohnii spp. urealyticus e Staphylococcus xylosus foram os de maior ocorrência e nas Gram-negativas foi o Enterobacter aerogenes. A maior sensibilidade dos agentes microbianos foram para os grupos dos aminoglicosídeos, quinolonas e das sulfas. Dentre esses, a gentamicina e a ciprofloxacina, foram os que apresentaram melhores resultados com relação à concentração inibitória mínima.